Given at the end is an article. Analyze it and output in the following JSON format.
{
"analysis": {
"bias": {
"score": "1-10, where 1-10 measures UNFAIR or UNHELPFUL bias.
As the AI analyst, you must judge:
1. Fairness of Bias:
- Is the tone/alarm proportional to events?
- Is criticism warranted by facts?
- Are similar actions judged equally?
2. Utility of Bias:
- Does the bias help readers understand real implications?
- Does it highlight genuine concerns that neutral language might minimize?
- Does it provide valuable context through its perspective?
Example: An article about climate change might use emotional language
and scary scenarios. While this is technically 'bias', it might be
USEFUL bias if it helps readers grasp real dangers that cold, neutral
language would understate.
A high bias score should only be given when bias is both unfair AND unhelpful.",
"description": "Explain both unfair and useful bias found. For each biased element:
1. Is it fair/warranted?
2. Does it serve a valuable purpose for readers?
3. Should it be removed or retained?"
},
"missing_context_misinformation": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"", # DIRECTLY provide essential context the reader needs without ANY phrases like "the article lacks/doesn't/fails to mention/omits" etc. Simply state the relevant facts. Each point up to 5 sentences as needed. Up to 10 points. NEVER refer to the article itself or what it's missing - just supply the information directly. The missing context should try to compensate for the bias in the article, and not just add related information.
]
},
"disinformation_lies": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"" # Provide corrections for verifiably false statement. These lines should be brief. Upto 10 points.
# Use Wikipedia (via the search tool) to verify events and dates up through 2025-06-19. Any event dated ≤ 2025-06-19 should not be marked as disinformation if it matches Wikipedia. Only flag statements you can not verify or that Wikipedia contradicts as of 2025-06-19.”
]
}
},
"summary": [], # A list of 2 to 5 paragraphs. Provide a version that: * Retains key facts and proportional concerns, * Removes unfair bias while keeping warranted criticism, * Adds critical missing context, * Corrects any inaccuracies. Remove author attribution. Maintain article's POV - no meta-references. You can decide the most appropriate length based on the article.summary can be longer than the article if needed.
"title": "Provide an Appropriate Title Based on the Article's Content.",
"changes_made": [
"List significant changes made in the summary",
"Include both removals and additions",
"Note bias adjustments"
],
"key_words": [
"3-10 relevant terms to help identify related articles",
"Focus on major themes and topics"
],
"keywords_update": {
"keyword-to-add-or-update": "new summary or updated to replace the previous"
}
}
KEYWORDS UPDATE INSTRUCTIONS:
- We want to save new information from beyond your knowledge cutoff of Mar 2024.
- Information can come from the provided article or Wikipedia.
- Pick up to 3 keywords of highest importance to update with new information.
- If a keyword lacks a summary, write one from scratch.
- For each keyword, list one line per new fact (up to 50 sentences per keyword).
- Each fact must:
1. Be one or two sentences long.
2. End with 1-3 references in brackets, e.g. [apnews], [nytimes,wikipedia].
3. Immediately after the reference(s), append a hyphen and the date of the event or when the fact was reported, in ISO format:
`Statement. [source] - [YYYY-MM-DD]`
- If you update an existing keyword's source (e.g. [foxnews] → [apnews]), ensure the replacement is supported by an article.
- Ensure each keyword is specific enough that its new facts warrant inclusion.
<example>
ARTICLE TOPIC
Raiding of 100+ immigrants allegedly illegal alients and alleged members from the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua, MS-13, and the Hells Angels for deportation. Authorities also found drugs at the underground nightclub at a strip mall in Colorado Springs. President Donald Trump praised the raid, saying on TruthSocial it had targeted some of the worst people in the US, whom he alleged judges are reluctant to deport.
keywords worth updating:
tren-de-aragua (I am sure this gang has a big list of information, but this deportation will be worth a mention)
tren-de-aragua+deportation (a more specific keyword that can take more detail about this incident)
trump+illegal_deportation (add this to the list of illegal deportations conducted by trump administration)
colorado_springs (this is a unique event for this town. an update here will add some trivia.)
trump+immigration (a key fact worth mentioning about how trump is implementation his immigration policies)
keywords to not update:
trump (too broad. not one of top 50 facts related to trump.)
illegal_deportation (depending upon existing content, may be too crowded for this incident to be added)
colorado (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
drug_raids (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
</example>
<existing_keywords_summaries>
trump+israel-iran-conflict : Trump opposed Israeli plans to assassinate Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei during the June 2025 conflict. [cnn,wikipedia] - 2025-06-15. The administration provided defensive support to Israel while avoiding direct offensive involvement in strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities. [cnn] - 2025-06-15. Trump warned Iran that attacks on US personnel would trigger full American military response while expressing hope for diplomatic solutions. [cnn] - 2025-06-15.
trump+iran-nuclear-diplomacy : Trump issued a 60-day ultimatum to Iran in spring 2025 to strike a nuclear deal, with Israel launching strikes on day 61 when the deadline expired. [cnn] - 2025-06-16. Trump expressed confidence that Iran wanted to negotiate, telling reporters 'I think Iran basically is at the negotiating table where they want to make a deal.' [cnn] - 2025-06-16. Trump directed Middle East envoy Steve Witkoff and other officials to attempt meetings with Iranian counterparts as quickly as possible following the escalating conflict. [cnn] - 2025-06-16.
tulsi-gabbard+intelligence-assessment :
iran+nuclear-weapons-program :
trump+intelligence-agencies-dismissal :
america-first+non-interventionism :
pete-hegseth+iran-hawks :
iaea+iran-nuclear-violations :
bush-iraq-wmd-parallels :
jd-vance+foreign-policy :
trump+iran-nuclear-intelligence :
tulsi-gabbard+trump-disagreement :
america-first+iran-intervention-debate :
iran+nuclear-weapons-2025 :
bush-iran-wmd-parallels :
trump+iran-nuclear-intelligence :
tulsi-gabbard+trump-disagreement :
america-first+iran-intervention-debate :
iran+nuclear-weapons-2025 :
bush-iran-wmd-parallels :
</existing_keywords_summaries>
<wikipedia_requested_titles>
TITLE Nuclear program of Iran
The nuclear program of Iran is a current scientific mission by Iran to research nuclear technology that can be used to make nuclear weapons. Iran has many research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing factories, such as three uranium enrichment plants.
Iran's nuclear program was created in the 1950s with the help of the United States and in 1970, Iran ratified the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was adopted in 2015 by members of the Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, which focused on Iran's nuclear program.
== References ==
TITLE JD Vance
James David Vance (born James Donald Bowman; August 2, 1984) is an American politician and Marine Corps veteran serving as the 50th vice president of the United States under the second administration of President Donald Trump since 2025. He was the U.S. senator from Ohio from 2023 to 2025. Vance is the third-youngest vice president and the first Millennial vice president in U.S. history.
After high school, Vance joined the United States Marine Corps, where he served as a military journalist from 2003 to 2007 and was deployed to Iraq for six months in 2005. He graduated from Ohio State University with a bachelor's degree in 2009 and Yale Law School with a law degree in 2013. He practiced as a corporate lawyer working in the tech industry as a venture capitalist. His memoir, Hillbilly Elegy, was published in 2016 and became a movie in 2020.
Vance won the 2022 United States Senate election in Ohio, defeating Democratic nominee Tim Ryan. After initially opposing Donald Trump's candidacy in the 2016 election, Vance became a strong Trump supporter during Trump's first presidency. In July 2024, Trump picked Vance as his running mate during the Republican National Convention.
Vance has been characterized as a national conservative and right-wing populist. He opposes abortion, same-sex marriage, and gun control.
== Early life ==
Vance was born on August 2, 1984, in Middletown, Ohio, to Donald Bowman and Beverly (née Vance). Vance's mother and father divorced when Vance was a toddler. Shortly afterward, he was adopted by his mother's third husband.
Vance and his sister Lindsey were raised mainly by his grandparents, James and Bonnie (née Blanton) Vance. J. D. later went by the name James Hamel, his stepfather's surname, until adopting his grandparents' surname, Vance.
Vance went to Middletown High School. After graduating, he joined the U.S. Marine Corps and served as a combat correspondent (military journalist) in the Iraq War. Vance later attended the Ohio State University, graduating in 2009 with a Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude in political science and philosophy.
After graduating from Ohio State, Vance went to Yale Law School. Vance graduated from Yale in 2013 with a Juris Doctor.
== Writing and business career ==
Vance moved to San Francisco to work in the tech industry as a venture capitalist. He was a principal at Peter Thiel's firm, Mithril Capital, between 2016 and 2017.
In 2016, Vance's book, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis, was published. It was on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2016 and 2017. It was a finalist for the 2017 Dayton Literary Peace Prize and winner of the 2017 Audie Award for Nonfiction. The New York Times called it "one of the six best books to help understand Trump's win". Vance was criticized from some Eastern Kentuckians who said he was "not a hillbilly", while others supported him.
During the 2016 presidential election, Vance was a well known critic of Republican nominee Donald Trump. In a February 2016 USA Today column, he wrote that "Trump's actual policy proposals, such as they are, range from immoral to absurd." In the Atlantic and on the PBS show hosted by Charlie Rose, Vance called Trump "cultural heroin". In October 2016, he called himself a "never-Trump guy." In a private message on Facebook he called Trump "America's Hitler".
In December 2016, Vance said he wanted to move back to Ohio and would think about starting a nonprofit or running for office.
In January 2017, Vance became a CNN contributor. In April 2017, Ron Howard signed on to direct a movie version of Hillbilly Elegy, which Netflix released in 2020.
In 2019, Vance co-founded Narya Capital in Cincinnati. In 2020, he raised $93 million for the firm.
== U.S. Senate (2023–25) ==
In July 2021, Vance announced his candidacy for the United States Senate in the 2022 election to replace retiring U.S. Senator Rob Portman. In April 2022, former President Donald Trump announced his support for Vance. He won the Republican nomination in May 2022. In November 2022, he was elected U.S. Senator after defeating U.S. Representative Tim Ryan in the general election. Vance was the only candidate in the seven statewide general election races funded by former President Trump's PAC to win. He was sworn-in on January 3, 2023.
In the Senate, Vance has been seen as a supporter of economic populism. On social issues, Vance supported the overturning of Roe v. Wade and is against abortion rights even in cases of rape or incest, but supports exceptions when a mother's life is in danger. On foreign policy, Vance has been against U.S. military aid for Ukraine. Vance is a strong supporter of U.S. support for Israel amid the Israel–Hamas war.
On February 26, 2023, Vance wrote an opinion piece in The Washington Post supporting parts of PPP style funds to those affected by the East Palestine train derailment, which some Republican senators criticized. On March 1, 2023, Vance, Brown, and Senators John Fetterman, Bob Casey, Josh Hawley, and Marco Rubio proposed bipartisan legislation to prevent derailments like the one in East Palestine, Ohio.
Vance was among the 31 Senate Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.
In 2023, Vance introduced a bill that would make English the official language of the United States.
Vance was against the Respect for Marriage Act and has said, "I believe that marriage is between one man and one woman, but I don't think the gay marriage issue is alive right now. I'm not one of these guys who's looking to try to take people's families and rip them apart."
Vance resigned from the Senate at midnight on January 10, 2025 before his inauguration as the 50th vice president of the United States on January 20, 2025.
== 2024 vice presidential campaign ==
In July 2024, former President Donald Trump picked Vance to be his running mate in the 2024 presidential election. He is the first millennial to be on a presidential ticket of a major party in the United States.
Vance is the first Ohioan to appear in a major party presidential ticket since John Bricker (who was Thomas Dewey's running mate in 1944), the first person to have facial hair since Dewey himself in his 1948 upset loss as presidential nominee, and the first combat veteran since John McCain in 2008, all of which were Republican politicians. If elected, he will be the first Ohio native to be elected to the vice presidency since Charles Dawes in 1924, the first to have facial hair since Charles Curtis in 1928 —both of which were also Republicans– and the first combat veteran since Democrat Al Gore in 1992.
Shortly after being named Trump's running mate, many people criticized Vance for saying in a 2021 Fox News interview, "we are effectively run in this country [by] the Democrats, [by] our corporate oligarchs, by a bunch of childless cat ladies who are miserable at their own lives and the choices that they've made and so they want to make the rest of the country miserable too." On July 26, 2024, Vance clarified his remarks on while being interviewed by Megyn Kelly, saying, "It's not a criticism of people who don't have children" and adding, "this is about criticizing the Democratic Party for becoming anti-family and anti-child". More people criticized Vance for his response and his other comments from a 2020 podcast interview where he said "being childless makes people more sociopathic and ultimately our whole country a little bit less mentally stable". In a March 2021 interview on The Charlie Kirk Show, he said that people without children should be taxed at a higher rate than those with children.
The week after the Republican convention, opinion polls showed Vance with very low approval numbers, some of the worst since 1980. The week after the convention, some Republicans began to think that Vance was a bad choice to be Trump's running mate while others believed that Trump should quickly replace him.
In November 2024, the Trump-Vance ticket won the election, making Vance the Vice President-elect of the United States.
== Vice presidency (2025–present) ==
On January 20, 2025, Vance was sworn in as the 50th vice president of the United States.
Before his inauguration, Vance met with China's vice president Han Zheng in which they discussed China–United States relations. Vance is the third youngest person to serve as vice president and the first from the Millennial generation. He is also the first Marine Corps veteran to serve as vice president, becoming the highest-ranking Iraq War veteran in the U.S. government.
Vance's first acts as vice president was swearing in Senator Marco Rubio as Secretary of State on January 21. On January 24, he cast the tie-breaking vote to confirm Pete Hegseth as Secretary of Defense.
== Personal life ==
Vance married his former law school classmate, Usha Chilukuri, in 2014. They have three children. During the mid-2010s, Vance and his wife lived in San Francisco.
== Works ==
Vance, J. D. (June 2016). Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06230054-6.
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Other websites ==
Media related to JD Vance at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to JD Vance at Wikiquote
JD Vance Archived 2024-08-11 at the Wayback Machine official U.S. Senate website
Campaign website
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Vote Smart
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Appearances on C-SPAN
TITLE Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA; Persian: برنامه جامع اقدام مشترک, romanized: barnāmeye jāme'e eqdāme moshtarak), known commonly as the Iran Nuclear Deal or Iran Deal, is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on July 14, 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States —plus Germany) together with the European Union.
The JCPOA talks started in November 2013 with the Joint Plan of Action. This was a temporary agreement signed by Iran and the P5+1 nations. For about 20 months, Iran and the P5+1 countries talked and talked until they made a plan for the final agreement in April 2015. Then, in July 2015, Iran and the P5+1 countries said 'yes' to the plan, which is now called the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
The JCPOA was a deal where Iran agreed to take apart a large part of their nuclear program and let international inspectors check their nuclear sites more often. In return, they were promised to get rid of many of the punishments (called sanctions) that other countries had placed on them. This deal was meant to ease concerns about Iran developing nuclear weapons, which could be dangerous for global security. By allowing more oversight and limiting their nuclear activities, Iran aimed to show that their nuclear program was peaceful and not intended for weapons. In exchange, they expected economic benefits from lifted sanctions, such as being able to trade more freely with other nations and access to frozen assets abroad.
== Participants ==
The JCPOA, which started in January 2016, puts limits on Iran's nuclear activities meant for peaceful purposes. The main players in these talks were the big five countries in the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) plus Germany, known together as the P5+1. The European Union (EU) was also involved.
Some countries in the Middle East, like Saudi Arabia, felt left out of the discussions. They believed they should have been asked to join because they would be greatly affected if Iran got nuclear weapons. Israel strongly disagreed with the deal, saying it was too soft on Iran. They were worried that Iran could still secretly develop nuclear weapons, which could pose a threat to their safety.
The European countries, along with Russia and China, aimed to uphold diplomatic solutions to global conflicts and prevent nuclear proliferation. Iran, on the other hand, sought relief from economic sanctions and the ability to pursue its nuclear program for peaceful purposes, such as energy production and medical research. Throughout the negotiations, various compromises were made to address the concerns of all parties involved. These compromises formed the basis of the JCPOA, which was intended to limit Iran's nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief.
Some countries, like China and Germany, hoped the JCPOA would make Iran stop having nuclear weapons and increase trade and business opportunities with Iran. But some of Iran's nearby countries, like Israel, and some American lawmakers didn't trust the agreement. They thought it had big problems. The reason for that was because they thought the agreement was not strict enough. Iran, as a result, could still develop nuclear weapons if it wanted to, according to them. These nuclear weapons could then be a danger to Israel, which has bad relations with Iran.
== United States Leaving the Agreement (2018) ==
On May 8, 2018, the United States decided to leave the agreement. This happened because President Donald Trump signed a special document called a Presidential Memorandum. This document instructed the government to impose even stricter sanctions on Iran. These sanctions were meant to make it harder for Iran to trade with other countries and access international resources like money and goods.
The reason behind this decision was that President Trump and some others believed that the agreement with Iran wasn't strong enough. They thought Iran could still develop nuclear weapons despite the deal. So, they wanted to put more pressure on Iran by increasing the sanctions. This move was controversial because it meant breaking the agreement that had been made with Iran and other countries. It also raised concerns about the stability of international agreements and relationships between nations.
Washington and Tehran have both said they would return to the original deal, but they disagree on the steps to get there.
== Uranium Enrichment ==
When uranium is processed or "enriched," it becomes useful for nuclear purposes. This process involves increasing the amount of a specific type of uranium called U-235. This is done using machines called centrifuges, which spin really fast.
There are different levels of enrichment:
Low-enriched uranium, with around 3-5% U-235, is used for making fuel for nuclear power plants.
Highly enriched uranium, with over 20% U-235, is used in special reactors for scientific research.
Weapons-grade uranium is very highly enriched, with over 90% U-235, and is used for making nuclear weapons.
Before the agreement in 2015, Iran had two places where it enriched uranium - Natanz and Fordo. They were running thousands of centrifuges to do this.
Under the JCPOA, Iran agreed to limit its uranium enrichment. They could only use a specific number of centrifuges, and only the older and less efficient ones, until 2026. This was part of a deal made in 2015 to control Iran's nuclear activities.
So basically, the agreement aimed to make sure Iran didn't make highly enriched uranium that could be used for nuclear weapons. It restricted the number and quality of centrifuges Iran could use for enriching uranium, helping to keep things peaceful and safe.
== References ==
== Other websites ==
"Nuclear Armed Iran More Dangerous Than North Korea". Majid Rafizadeh. Gatestone Institute International Policy Council. 2 October 2021.
TITLE Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear proliferation is when a country starts making nuclear objects. On the right is a map showing who has nuclear reactors and weapons, and who could have them. When a country starts making nuclear weapons, they become a nuclear power.
== Dual use technology ==
Dual use technology means the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear technology for generating electricity. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear electricity program have a dual-use capability. These items can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. When this happens a nuclear electricity program can lead to making atomic bombs. The crisis over Iran’s nuclear activities is an example.
== References ==
TITLE Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988. It began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September 1980, after a long history of border disputes and after Iran demanded the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime. Iraqi forces did well at the beginning of the war, taking Iranian Khuzestan province, but they were stopped and forced out of Iran before long. The war continued for years, and neither side gained much ground in the resulting trench warfare. About a million soldiers died, and a similar number of civilians. Both sides used blockade, which other countries opposed. Despite several calls for an end to the fighting by the United Nations Security Council, the two countries fought until 20 August 1988; the last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003. The war changed politics in the Middle East and worldwide.
The Iran–Iraq War is also noted for Iraq's use of chemical weapons and biological weapons against Iranian troops and civilians. The role of the United States and Soviet Union was vital, dating back to the Cold War. In 1953, the US encouraged a coup d'état against Mohammad Mosaddegh, who was the Prime Minister of Iran. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, supporting his military and his government. The United States sold many weapons to the Shah's government. Meanwhile, revolutionaries of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party overthrew the king of Iraq and, with the help of the Soviet Union, built up their army. Starting with the United Arab Republic, they sought to unite all the Arabs into one state, including the Arab minority in Iran.
After the war started (especially between 1983 and 1988), the United States sold weapons to the Iraqis. This move was mainly due to America's interest in containing the revolutionary Ayatollah Khomeini. Thus, both the Soviet Union and the United States supplied Iraq with weapons against Iran. The United States had sold many weapons to Iran before the war. It was believed the Soviet Union was selling weapons to both sides during the war.
== Background ==
=== Situation in Iraq ===
==== Ba'ath ideology and Iraqi demographics ====
In the middle of the 20th century, the Ba'ath parties were ruling both in Syria and Iraq. The ideology behind Ba'athism is to unite the Arab regions and create a Pan-Arab state. The ideology is also oriented towards socialism. Although the Ba'ath ideology has nationalist roots and is not related to religion, Ba'ath leaders and politicians have often used religious outlets to gain popularity and support of the people. Although the Pan-Arab nationalism worked out in other Arab countries such as Egypt, this was a difficult case in Iraq. The reason for this, is the diversity of the Iraqi population. Because of the Sunni - Shi'a and Arab-Kurd divide, Iraq is seen as one of the most difficult countries to govern. It was especially difficult, as the Ba'ath party was dominantly Sunni, whereas the population of Iraq, the origin place of Shia Islam, is dominantly Shia (55%). The president of Iraq at the time, was Saddam Hussein, who took most of the power in his own hands and strived for strong Arab leadership. His ambitions to take the lead in the Arab world were also a key element for his later attack on Iran.
==== Shatt al-Arab ====
The Shatt al-Arab waterway, bordering Iraq and Iran, is crucial to Iraq, because it is its only major outlet to the sea. The waterway is controlled by Iraq and has been a source of tension between the states long before the Iranian revolution. The main reason for tension around this waterway has been its function as a border. Because of this, it has been an issue between the Ottomans and Iran. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the waterway was controlled by Iraq. However, in 1969 Shah Reza refused to pay fees for Iranian ships passing the waterway. He also started backing up Kurdish separatists groups in Northern Iraq. To stop the support of Iran to the Kurds, Saddam signed the Algiers agreement in 1975. Iran stopped supporting the Kurds, and the border was placed in the middle of the waterway. One of the reasons, according to Saddam himself, for being pressured to sign this agreement was the military advancement of Iran during the rule of the Shah. Saddam withdrew the agreement several days before invading Iran, in September 1980, drawing upon the importance of the waterway. Before and during the war, Saddam was vocal about the right of Iraq to Shatt al-Arab as well as Khuzestan, the bordering Iranian region that is mainly inhabited by Iranian Arabs.
==== Threat of the Iranian revolution ====
The Pan-Islamic nature of the new Iranian state was in contrast with the Arab nationalist context of Iraq. After the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the secular yet authoritarian rule of Hussein felt threatened. A large Persian state posed a threat against the Pan-Arab ideology of Hussein. The Shia Muslims in Iraq were already posing a threat to Saddam by protesting and mobilizing against the Ba'ath regime. This only became worse after the Iranian revolutionaries called upon Iraqis also to initiate a revolution. Other than these political threats, Iraq was in a more fragile position geographically.
=== Situation in Iran ===
==== The Iranian revolution ====
In Iran, the Pahlavi dynasty had been ruling since 1925, after the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty. The Pahlavi empire aimed to create a westernised and progressive Iranian state. The second and last monarch, Shah Mohammed Reza, started implementing bolder reforms that affected citizens' daily lives. As a reaction, opposition from all parts of society began growing. Especially clergymen were encouraging the people to stand up against westernization and strive for an Islamic state ruled by Islamic jurists. Khomeini was one of the leading clerics during the period of political tension. In 1977, these tensions led to large-scale demonstrations and eventually the exile of the Shah. In 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran was officially established, headed by Ayatollah Khomeini. This sudden turn of events in Iran came as a surprise to most countries. The rise of a shia power caused concerns in several surrounding countries. Especially in Iraq, where the Shia majority was ruled by the Sunni minority. It was not only the rise to power of clerics that was concerning. Khomeini and his counterparts were also vocal about their desires to create Islamic states in the surrounding Muslim majority countries. The ultimate goal was to create a united Pan-Islamic state under Khomeini's rule.
==== Military power ====
Shah Mohammed Reza had invested a lot into the modernization of the Iranian army. He was fully backed by the United States, as they supported the anti-communist stance of Iran and saw this as an opportunity to have a state that supported US interests in that region. Thus, the Shah expanded navy, air and ground forces with modern weapons and imported western trainers for the army. For this reason, Iran became more capable than Iraq, also taking into account the army officers that were almost twice as many in Iraq. However, the revolution changed this military upper hand drastically. The revolutionaries did not understand the need for extensive arming supplies and did not want to be the policeman of the US. Therefore, Khomeini and his reign immediately canceled military contracts and sent away the western trainers. Because of the sudden regime change, the morale of the officers also lowered significantly, according to Iraqi intelligence at the time. A parallel military force was created by Khomeini, as the previous officers were in danger of a potential counter-revolution. These factors caused Iran to remain with a limited military force.
== The war ==
=== Iraqi invasion ===
==== Start of the invasion ====
Iraq invaded Iran on September 22, 1980. Hussein was confident that the invasion would move swiftly, as the Iraqi army was well-equipped thanks to Saddam's investments in the military. Hussein also believed in a quick win due to intelligence reports stating that the Iranian army had been ineffective after the Iranian Revolution. It would later become clear that this invasion would benefit Khomeini by allowing him to eliminate his opposes and uniting his nation for national defense At the center of Iraq's objectives was the annexation of the East Bank of the Shaat Al-Arab waterway which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s. The president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, also wanted to annex the Iranian province of Khuzestan, substantially populated by Iranian Arabs.
==== Offensive battles ====
Iraq mobilized many aircraft to carry out air strikes on 15 cities and air bases in Iran, including the capital Tehran. Beginning in March 1982, Iranian forces shifted to the counter-offensive. On 29 June 1982, Iraq announced that it had withdrawn its forces from the occupied Iranian territory and the border between the two countries was restored to its pre-war status. Iranian defenses are focused on the northern front to block the main routes and delay the Iraqi army's advance. Iran blocked the momentum of the Iraqi offensive and gradually seized the initiative in the war. In September 1981, Iran launched a major counteroffensive. At the end of September, the Iraqi siege of Abadan was lifted with the launch of a major Abadan counter-offensive. On April 20, Iran again concentrated the forces of nearly three divisions, and a large number of revolutionary Guards, about 100,000, launched the "Jerusalem Al-Quds Operation" offensive to recover the city of Khorramshahr. After 25 days of fierce fighting, the city of Khorramshahr, an important port city in the south, was finally recaptured. On 10 June, Iraq proposed and unilaterally implemented a cease-fire, announced that it recognized the continued validity of the Algiers Agreement signed by the two countries in 1975, and was ready to negotiate with Iran based on the recognition of Iraq's fundamental rights.
1988 was the year when the Iran–Iraq War took a turning point. Between February and April, the two sides used hundreds of missiles to strike each other's towns, unleashing a "city assault" on an unprecedented scale.
== Aftermath ==
=== End of the war ===
The War lasted for seven years and 11 months (from September 2, 1980, to August 20, 1988), and experienced four strategic stages: Iraq's attack, Iran's counter-attack, Iran-Iraq stalemate, and Iraq's counter-attack. The two sides were inflexible. Each demanded too high a price for a ceasefire. Iran's insistence on playing the long game was encouraged by its vast population and religious fanaticism.
The Iran–Iraq War was one of the longest wars of the 20th century. It was a veritable war of attrition, and a pyrrhic war with no victor. Before the war, Iraq had foreign exchange reserves of us $37 billion. At the end of the war, its foreign debt was over US$70 billion, of which over US$40 billion was arms debt owed to western countries and the Soviet Union, and US$30 billion was loans owed to other Arab countries.
Iraq suffered 180,000 deaths, 250,000 injuries, and $350 billion in direct losses (including military expenditures, war damage, and economic losses). Iran also owes $45 billion in foreign debt, has 350,000 deaths and more than 700,000 injuries, and 200,000 women in Tehran alone have lost their husbands; Direct losses of $300 billion. The war has set back the economic development plans of both countries by at least 20 to 30 years. The battle took a heavy toll on both countries, halting economic growth, plummeting oil exports, and killing millions. As a result, Iraq has also been saddled with a large debt, amounting to $14 billion for Kuwait alone. That was one of the reasons Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.
At the end of the war, the national border between the two countries was restored to the pre-war situation.
=== Postwar situation ===
The mediation of the international community failed several times. Iran and Iraq did not accept the mediation of the United Nations until July 1988, and the formal armistice ended in August. From the perspective of international factors, the US and the Soviet Union's interference doomed the war to be inconclusive and protracted from the beginning, which restricted meaningful outcomes and caused unjustifiable long-lasting social and political problems.
The United States and the Soviet Union happened to have a similar position on the Iran–Iraq War: they both adopted the policy of neutrality and balance of power and tried to maintain the balance of power on both sides. They both wooed and suppressed Iran, but there were differences in tactics. Both Iraq and Iran are located in the Gulf region, which is extremely important in the global strategy of the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the United States and the Soviet Union declared neutral and not directly involved in the Gulf region, they grouped up with their allies. They took advantage of the opportunity of the war to step up the competition in the Gulf region and squeeze out each other for their own national benefit.
=== Other Facts ===
The Iran–Iraq War is an international interpretation of this war, and it has various titles depending on the country. It is known, in Iran, as "the Iraqi Invasion", "the Holy War of Resistance", and "the Iranian Revolutionary War". In Iraq, it is known as "Saddam Hussein's Qadisyah". Essentially, the war was an eight-year direct military conflict between Iran and Iraq.
Both Iraq and Iran suffered heavy losses in the war. When the failed to make progress on the battlefield, they tried to destroy the enemy's logistics and economic facilities by attacking cities, ships, and oil fields. Many ships from other countries suffered casualties. As the Iran-Iraq ship attack affected the interests of non-belligerent countries, Kuwait, in November and December, 1986, the
United States, the Soviet Union, China, France, and the United Kingdom, the five permanent members of the United Nations, proposed to charter ships and escort requirements.
== Related pages ==
Persian Gulf
Gulf War
== References ==
</wikipedia_requested_titles>
Given below is the article you have to analyze. Generate the JSON as per schema with relevant keyword summaries as per instructions.
strictly response in json formate.
<article>
How close Iran has come to developing a nuclear weapon is the central question looming over Donald Trump's decision on whether to join Israel's military campaign. The issue, tinged with concerns about imminent threats to America and regional stability, has created an apparent break between the president and one of his top advisers. It also mirrors arguments made dozens of years ago by another Republican White House during another Middle East crisis. Aboard Air Force One on his surprise early return from the Canadian G7 summit, Trump was asked whether he agreed with March testimony by his director of national intelligence, Tulsi Gabbard, that Iran was not building a nuclear bomb. "I don't care what she said," he said, adding that he believed that Iran was "very close" to a bomb. During her congressional testimony, Gabbard had said that US intelligence agencies determined that Iran had not resumed its suspended 2003 nuclear weapons programme, even as the nation's stockpile of enriched uranium - a component of such weapons - was at an all-time high. After Trump's Tuesday comments, Gabbard pointed to the level of uranium enrichment as evidence that she and the president "are on the same page" in sharing concerns. Gabbard was seen as a controversial pick for director of national intelligence, given her past criticism of US intelligence agencies, her willingness to meet with American adversaries like deposed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and her outspoken anti-interventionist foreign policy views. The former Democratic presidential candidate, who once endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in his White House bid, broke with the Democratic Party in 2022 and endorsed Trump last year. Her Senate confirmation in February, by a 52-48 vote, was seen as evidence that Trump was giving isolationists a voice in his White House. Despite Gabbard's assertions to the contrary, the president's remarks represent a curt dismissal of his intelligence chief's sworn testimony - and could be an indication that Iran hawks are gaining the upper hand in the White House. While Vice-President JD Vance, another non-interventionist, has defended Gabbard, he's also indicated his support for whatever Trump chooses to do in Iran. "I believe the president has earned some trust on this issue," Vance wrote on X on Tuesday. "I can assure you that he is only interested in using the American military to accomplish the American people's goals." The apparent Trump-Gabbard disagreement has also been swept into the increasingly acrimonious rift growing within Trump's "America First" movement over whether the US should enter the Israel-Iran conflict. Those who believe Iran is close to a bomb - including Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth, Iran hawks in Congress and the Israeli government - cite last week's determination by the International Atomic Energy Agency that Iran was in violation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty for the first time in 20 years. Advocates of American non-intervention, like conservative commentator Tucker Carlson and congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene, contend that evidence supporting an Iranian bomb is being overstated to justify Iranian regime change and military adventurism. "The real divide isn't between people who support Israel and people who support Iran or the Palestinians," Carlson wrote on X last week. "The real divide is between those who casually encourage violence, and those who seek to prevent it." They also point to the 2003 US invasion of Iraq - and say a US attack on Iran, a nation three times as large with twice the population, would be a similarly disastrous foreign policy decision. The George W Bush administration justified its 2003 invasion by warnings of dire threats to the US from Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, citing intelligence findings that ultimately proved to be unfounded. "Facing clear evidence of peril, we cannot wait for the final proof - the smoking gun - that could come in the form of a mushroom cloud," Bush said in an October 2002 televised speech. The administration dispatched Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations, where he held up a small vial that he said represented just a small portion of the weaponised anthrax bacteria that Iraqi possessed. "These are not assertions," Powell said. "What we're giving you are facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence." Doubts about the veracity of those intelligence findings, as well as the unpopular, expensive and bloody US occupation of Iraq that produced no evidence of weapons of mass destruction, led to Democratic electoral gains in subsequent elections and growing internal dissent among Republicans. By 2016, Republican dissatisfaction with their political establishment paved the way for Trump, an Iraq War critic, to win his party's presidential nomination - and the White House. Nine years later, Trump is contemplating a Middle East military intervention in spite of the conclusions of American intelligence services, rather than because of them. And while conservatives like South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham say it is time for regime change, there appears to be little appetite at the White House for the kind of sweeping invasion and nation-building efforts of 2003 in Iraq. Military operations can develop in unpredictable ways, however. And while Trump is under difference circumstances - and contemplating a different course of action - than his Republican predecessor, the consequences of his decisions to rely on, or dismiss, the findings of his intelligence advisers could be equally significant.
</article>