Given at the end is an article. Analyze it and output in the following JSON format.
{
"analysis": {
"bias": {
"score": "1-10, where 1-10 measures UNFAIR or UNHELPFUL bias.
As the AI analyst, you must judge:
1. Fairness of Bias:
- Is the tone/alarm proportional to events?
- Is criticism warranted by facts?
- Are similar actions judged equally?
2. Utility of Bias:
- Does the bias help readers understand real implications?
- Does it highlight genuine concerns that neutral language might minimize?
- Does it provide valuable context through its perspective?
Example: An article about climate change might use emotional language
and scary scenarios. While this is technically 'bias', it might be
USEFUL bias if it helps readers grasp real dangers that cold, neutral
language would understate.
A high bias score should only be given when bias is both unfair AND unhelpful.",
"description": "Explain both unfair and useful bias found. For each biased element:
1. Is it fair/warranted?
2. Does it serve a valuable purpose for readers?
3. Should it be removed or retained?"
},
"missing_context_misinformation": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"", # DIRECTLY provide essential context the reader needs without ANY phrases like "the article lacks/doesn't/fails to mention/omits" etc. Simply state the relevant facts. Each point up to 5 sentences as needed. Up to 10 points. NEVER refer to the article itself or what it's missing - just supply the information directly. The missing context should try to compensate for the bias in the article, and not just add related information.
]
},
"disinformation_lies": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"" # Provide corrections for verifiably false statement. These lines should be brief. Upto 10 points.
# Use Wikipedia (via the search tool) to verify events and dates up through 2025-07-06. Any event dated ≤ 2025-07-06 should not be marked as disinformation if it matches Wikipedia. Only flag statements you can not verify or that Wikipedia contradicts as of 2025-07-06.”
]
}
},
"summary": [], # A list of 2 to 5 paragraphs. Provide a version that: * Retains key facts and proportional concerns, * Removes unfair bias while keeping warranted criticism, * Adds critical missing context, * Corrects any inaccuracies. Remove author attribution. Maintain article's POV - no meta-references. You can decide the most appropriate length based on the article.summary can be longer than the article if needed.
"title": "Provide an Appropriate Title Based on the Article's Content.",
"changes_made": [
"List significant changes made in the summary",
"Include both removals and additions",
"Note bias adjustments"
],
"key_words": [
"3-10 relevant terms to help identify related articles",
"Focus on major themes and topics"
],
"keywords_update": {
"keyword-to-add-or-update": "new summary or updated to replace the previous"
}
}
KEYWORDS UPDATE INSTRUCTIONS:
- We want to save new information from beyond your knowledge cutoff of Mar 2024.
- Information can come from the provided article or Wikipedia.
- Pick up to 3 keywords of highest importance to update with new information.
- If a keyword lacks a summary, write one from scratch.
- For each keyword, list one line per new fact (up to 50 sentences per keyword).
- Each fact must:
1. Be one or two sentences long.
2. End with 1-3 references in brackets, e.g. [apnews], [nytimes,wikipedia].
3. Immediately after the reference(s), append a hyphen and the date of the event or when the fact was reported, in ISO format:
`Statement. [source] - [YYYY-MM-DD]`
- If you update an existing keyword's source (e.g. [foxnews] → [apnews]), ensure the replacement is supported by an article.
- Ensure each keyword is specific enough that its new facts warrant inclusion.
<example>
ARTICLE TOPIC
Raiding of 100+ immigrants allegedly illegal alients and alleged members from the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua, MS-13, and the Hells Angels for deportation. Authorities also found drugs at the underground nightclub at a strip mall in Colorado Springs. President Donald Trump praised the raid, saying on TruthSocial it had targeted some of the worst people in the US, whom he alleged judges are reluctant to deport.
keywords worth updating:
tren-de-aragua (I am sure this gang has a big list of information, but this deportation will be worth a mention)
tren-de-aragua+deportation (a more specific keyword that can take more detail about this incident)
trump+illegal_deportation (add this to the list of illegal deportations conducted by trump administration)
colorado_springs (this is a unique event for this town. an update here will add some trivia.)
trump+immigration (a key fact worth mentioning about how trump is implementation his immigration policies)
keywords to not update:
trump (too broad. not one of top 50 facts related to trump.)
illegal_deportation (depending upon existing content, may be too crowded for this incident to be added)
colorado (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
drug_raids (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
</example>
<existing_keywords_summaries>
trump+lgbtq-rollback : The Trump administration has implemented policies reversing LGBTQ rights, including renaming the USNS Harvey Milk and banning transgender individuals from military service. [cnn] - 2023-06-01. In June 2025, the administration ended funding for The Trevor Project's LGBTQ+ youth suicide prevention hotline, citing opposition to 'radical gender ideology.' [reuters] - 2025-06-18. The administration has signed multiple executive orders restricting transgender rights and dismantling diversity, equity and inclusion practices since January 2025. [reuters] - 2025-06-18.
trump+iowa-rally-controversies : During an Iowa rally, Trump used the antisemitic term 'Shylock' while discussing estate taxes and farmers' borrowing needs. [article] - 2025-01-10. The comment drew immediate condemnation from Jewish leaders who denounced it as antisemitic. [article] - 2025-01-10. Trump later claimed he was unaware the term was an antisemitic slur and thought it simply referred to usury. [article] - 2025-01-10.
iowa+gender-identity-civil-rights :
kim-reynolds+transgender-legislation :
aime-wichtendahl+iowa-transgender :
civil-rights-code+gender-identity :
transgender+birth-certificate-restrictions :
supreme-court+transgender-rights-2025 :
lgbtq+state-legislation-tracking :
federal+transgender-discrimination-protections :
iowa+civil-rights-rollback :
trump+transgender-executive-orders :
gender-identity+civil-rights-protection :
transgender+birth-certificate-restrictions :
supreme-court+transgender-rights-2025 :
iowa+civil-rights-rollback :
trump+transgender-executive-orders :
gender-identity+civil-rights-protection :
transgender+birth-certificate-restrictions :
supreme-court+transgender-rights-2025 :
</existing_keywords_summaries>
<wikipedia_requested_titles>
TITLE Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American businessman, media personality, and politician who is the 47th president of the United States since 2025. Before, he was the 45th president from 2017 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. Trump was also the chairman of The Trump Organization from 1971 to 2017.
Trump is a billionaire. Much of his money was made in real estate in New York City, Las Vegas, and Atlantic City. From 2004 to 2015, Trump was the host of his own reality television show The Apprentice.
Trump became the Republican Party nominee for president in 2016. He won that year's presidential election against Democrat Hillary Clinton. He was inaugurated as the 45th president in 2017. Trump lost a second term to Joe Biden in the 2020 election. He did not agree with the result and said he won the election by a "big amount". He tried but failed to change the election results.
In 2022, Trump announced another presidential campaign for the 2024 presidential election, where he defeated Vice President Kamala Harris to be elected the 47th president.
In 2023, Trump became the first former U.S. president to face criminal charges. In 2024, he became the first former U.S. president convicted of a felony. He is the first felon to serve as president.
== Early life ==
Donald John Trump was born at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Fred Trump and his wife Mary Anne (née MacLeod). They married in 1936. His mother was born on the Isle of Lewis, off the west coast of Scotland. Donald was one of five children. Donald's oldest brother, Fred Jr., died in 1981 at the age of 43, due to an alcohol addiction. Trump's sister, Maryanne, is a judge in New York. Trump's father's parents were German immigrants.
His grandfather, Frederick Trump, immigrated to the United States in 1885. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1892. Frederick married Elisabeth Christ (October 10, 1880 – June 6, 1966) at Kallstadt, State of Bavaria, Germany, on August 26, 1902. They had three children. He studied at Fordham University until transferring to the University of Pennsylvania.
Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War. This was due to four college deferments and one medical deferment. In an interview with The New York Times, he said his medical deferment was because of heel spurs.
== Career ==
=== Hotel developments ===
Trump began his career at his father's real estate company, Elizabeth Trump & Son. He later renamed the company The Trump Organization, which has its headquarters at 40 Wall Street. The company focused on middle-class rental housing in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. One of Trump's first projects, while he was still in college, was the revitalization of the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father had purchased it for $5.7 million in 1962. Trump became closely involved in the project. With a $500,000 investment, he turned the 1200-unit complex with a 66 percent vacancy rate to 100 percent occupancy within two years. In 1972, the Trump Organization sold Swifton Village for $6 million.
Trump has developed many real estate projects. They include Trump International Hotel and Tower in Honolulu, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Toronto, and Trump Tower in Tampa. In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, one Trump construction project was put on hold in favor of another (Trump International Hotel and Tower in Fort Lauderdale). Trump Towers in Atlanta was being developed in the housing market, however the project fell after the 2008 recession and instead buildings that didn't belong to Trump were built.
In its October 7, 2007 Forbes 400 issue, "Acreage Aces", Forbes valued Trump's wealth at $3 billion. Since 2011, his net worth has been estimated from $2 billion to $7 billion. Forbes estimated his net worth at $3.1 billion in 2019.
=== Beauty pageants ===
From 1996 until 2015, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants.
=== Wrestling support ===
Trump is a WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) fan, and a friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon. In 1988–89 he hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows. Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the next night.
=== The Apprentice ===
In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. In 2004, Trump filed a trademark application for the catchphrase "You're fired!"
For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1 million per episode. In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show.
On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season. On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run. On June 29, after a widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump." Trump was replaced by former Governor of California and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
=== Political activity before 2015 ===
Trump switched between political parties a number of times. He registered as a Republican in 1987, a member of the Independence Party in 1999, a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, with no political party in 2011, and a Republican in 2012.
In 2011, Trump said that President Barack Obama was born in Kenya; Obama was actually born in Hawaii. If Obama had been born in Kenya, he would not have been allowed to run for president. Trump repeatedly said that Obama was lying about where he was born, an idea called "Birtherism". Even after Obama shared his birth certificate with the public, Trump suggested that it could be fake.
== 2016 presidential campaign ==
=== Announcement ===
Trump made a formal announcement of his candidacy for president of the United States for the 2016 elections on June 16, 2015. He made the announcement at 11am EST from his headquarters in Trump Tower in New York City. Trump launched his campaign saying, "We are going to make our Country Great Again" with a commitment to become the "greatest jobs president." Trump's official campaign slogan was "Make America Great Again." That was first used by Alexander Wiley, but Donald Trump trademarked it.
On May 4, 2016, Trump became the presumptive nominee after his only challengers, Texas United States senator Ted Cruz and Governor of Ohio John Kasich, dropped out.
=== Border security and illegal immigration remarks ===
During his announcement speech he stated in part, "When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with us. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people." On July 6, 2015, Trump issued a written statement to clarify his position on illegal immigration, which drew a reaction from critics.
=== Ideology ===
Trump has described his political leanings and positions in many ways over time. Politico has called his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory". He has listed several different party affiliations over the years, and has also run as a Reform Party candidate. The positions that he has revised or reversed include stances on progressive taxation, abortion, and government involvement in health care.
He has supported Christian groups in the U.S., claiming that he will reverse unfavorable tax treatments preventing them from expressing themselves in the political arena and promising to revive a more widespread use of the phrase "Merry Christmas" instead of "Happy Holidays" in department stores. Other issues he highlighted include taking care of military veterans, making the military "strong", aggressive bombing of the Mideast terrorist group ISIS, surveillance of certain mosques in the U.S., and making trade agreements more favorable to American workers.
=== Primaries ===
Trump entered a large field of candidates consisting of 16 other Republican candidates campaigning for the nomination, the largest presidential field in American history. By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Donald Trump and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz. On Super Tuesday, Trump won the majority of the delegates and remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.
Finishing in June 2016 with nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-time record for winning the most primary votes in the history of the Republican Party.
=== General campaign and election ===
After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump's focus shifted to the general election, urging remaining primary voters to "save [their] vote for the general election." Trump began targeting Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016 after beating Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primaries, and continued to campaign across the country. Clinton had established a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.
On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton faced off in the first presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. Lester Holt, an anchor with NBC News, was the moderator. This was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.
On November 8, 2016, Trump won the presidency with 306 electoral votes to Clinton's 232 votes, even though Trump won a smaller part of the popular vote than Clinton. He is the fourth person to become president without winning the popular vote. The final popular vote difference between Clinton and Trump is that Clinton finished ahead by 2.86 million or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 45.95%, with neither candidate reaching a majority. Trump's victory was considered a big political upset, as nearly all national polls at the time showed Hillary Clinton with a modest lead over Trump, and state polls showed her with a modest lead to win the Electoral College. In the early hours of November 9, 2016, Trump received a phone call in which Clinton conceded the presidency to him. Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the Hilton Hotel in New York City.
Trump's presidential transition team was led by Chris Christie until November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike Pence took over.
== First presidency, 2017–2021 ==
=== Inauguration ===
On January 20, 2017, Trump was sworn in by Chief Justice John G. Roberts as President of the United States at his inauguration ceremony at the United States Capitol Building. Within his first hour as president, he signed several executive orders, including an order to minimize "the economic burden" of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.
On the Saturday following Trump's inauguration there were massive demonstrations protesting Trump in the United States and worldwide, including the 2017 Women's March.
=== Cabinet and staff ===
The following people were part of Donald Trump's cabinet. They are the most senior officers of the executive branch.
Secretary of State: Rex Tillerson (2017-2018), Mike Pompeo (2018-2021)
Secretary of the Treasury: Steven Mnuchin
Secretary of Defense: James Mattis (2017-2019), Mark Esper (2019-2021)
Attorney General: Jeff Sessions (2017-2018), William Barr (2019-2021)
Secretary of the Interior: Ryan Zinke (2017-2019), David Bernhardt (2019-2021)
Secretary of Agriculture: Sonny Perdue
Secretary of Commerce: Wilbur Ross
Secretary of Labor: Alexander Acosta (2017-2019), Eugene Scalia (2019-2021)
Secretary of Health and Human Services: Tom Price (2017), Alex Azar (2018-2021)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development: Ben Carson
Secretary of Transportation: Elaine Chao
Secretary of Energy: Rick Perry (2017-2019), Dan Brouillette (2019-2021)
Secretary of Education: Betsy DeVos
Secretary of Veterans' Affairs: David Shulkin (2017-2018), Robert Wilkie (2018-2021)
Secretary of Homeland Security: John F. Kelly (2017), Kirstjen Nielsen (2017-2019)
The following people held other important jobs in the executive branch. They are also selected by the president.
White House Chief of Staff: Reince Priebus (2017), John F. Kelly (2017-2019), Mark Meadows (2020-2021)
United States Trade Representative: Robert Lighthizer
Director of National Intelligence: Dan Coats (2017-2019), John Ratcliffe (2020-2021)
Ambassador to the United Nations: Nikki Haley (2017-2019), Kelly Craft (2019-2021)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget: Mick Mulvaney (2017-2020), Russell Vought (2020-2021)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency: Mike Pompeo (2017-2018), Gina Haspel (2018-2021)
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Scott Pruitt (2017-2018), Andrew R. Wheeler (2019-2021)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration: Linda McMahon (2017-2019), Jovita Carranza (2020-2021)
=== First days ===
On January 23, 2017 Trump signed the executive order withdrawing the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a trade agreement between the United States and eleven Pacific Rim nations—Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam that would have created a "free-trade zone for about 40 percent of the world's economy." Two days later, he ordered the construction of the Mexico border wall. He reopened the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipeline construction projects.
On January 27, an order suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card. Several federal judges issued rulings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stopping the federal government from deporting visitors already affected.
On January 30, 2017, Trump fired Acting Attorney General Sally Yates because of her criticisms of Trump's immigration suspension. On January 31, 2017, Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to the United States Supreme Court to replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia.
=== Allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 election ===
Trump claimed there was no collusion and no obstruction and on May 9, 2017, Trump fired FBI Director James Comey after he reportedly asked for more information and funding for the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The White House stated that this was not true, and that Trump fired Comey in order to end the investigation. After The Wall Street Journal reported that Trump's National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn was under investigation by U.S. counterintelligence agents for his communications with Russian officials, Flynn resigned on February 13, 2017. Two days later on February 15, Trump's Secretary of Labor-nominee Andrew Puzder withdrew his nomination due to not having support from Democrats or Republicans to confirm his nomination.
As of March 2018, Trump is reportedly a "subject" of the Robert Mueller investigation into the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, meaning his conduct is being looked at, but not a "target" which would indicate the likelihood of criminal charges.
=== Military actions ===
On April 7, 2017, Trump ordered the launch of 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Airbase as a reaction to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack.
=== Healthcare ===
On May 4, 2017, the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA) was passed narrowly to replace and repeal Obamacare by the United States House of Representatives with a vote of 217 to 213, sending the bill to the Senate for voting. This is the second time the AHCA was voted in the House as the first version was not approved by the House in March 2017.
=== Paris Agreement withdrawal ===
On June 1, 2017, he announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Climate agreement, making the United States one of only three nations, including Syria and Nicaragua, to do so. On June 16, 2017, President Trump announced that he was "cancelling" the Obama administrations deals with Cuba, while also expressing that a new deal could be negotiated between the Cuban and United States governments. In response to President Biden's rejoining of the Paris Climate agreement, President Trump withdrew once again after being inaugurated on January 20, 2025.
=== First actions to impeach ===
On July 12, 2017, California Representative Brad Sherman formally introduced an article of impeachment, H. Res. 438, accusing the president of obstructing justice regarding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.
=== LGBT rights ===
On July 26, 2017, Trump tweeted that the "United States Government will not accept or allow transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military. Our military must be focused on decisive and overwhelming victory and cannot be burdened with the tremendous medical costs and disruption that transgender in the military would entail." Trump cited the alleged "disruption" and "tremendous medical costs" of having transgender service members.
=== Unite the Right rally ===
Between August 11 and 12, 2017, there was a violent white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia regarding the removal of Confederate statues. Trump did not speak out against white nationalists explicitly, instead condemning "hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides" leading people to think he did not take a harsh approach on racism.
=== North Korea ===
In late August, Trump dramatically increased tensions against North Korea, warning that more threats against the U.S. will be responded to with "fire and fury like the world has never seen." North Korean leader Kim Jong-un then threatened to direct the country's next missile test toward Guam. Trump responded in his war-related service that if North Korea took steps to attack Guam, "things [would] happen to them like they never thought possible."
In March 2018, Trump fired United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and replaced him with Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Mike Pompeo. Later that month, the White House confirmed that President Trump would accept a meeting invitation from Kim Jong-un. Press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders said that "in the meantime, all sanctions and maximum pressure must remain."
In May 2018, Trump announced on Twitter that he will meet with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un on June 12, 2018, in Singapore for peace talks.
=== Immigration ===
In September 2017, Trump controversially oversaw the rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or "DACA" which removed protections for children immigrants and removed benefits. The decision was announced by Attorney General Jeff Sessions. Two injunctions in January and February 2018 allowed renewals of applications and stopped the rolling back of DACA, and in April 2018 a federal judge ordered the acceptance of new applications; this would go into effect in 90 days.
=== Hurricane Maria ===
On October 3, Trump visited Puerto Rico after it was damaged by Hurricane Maria and the next day visited Las Vegas to visit the victims from the Las Vegas shooting.
=== Economy ===
In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate to 21%, lowered personal tax brackets, increased child tax credit, doubled the estate tax threshold to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local tax deduction to $10,000.
In February 2018, Trump praised the bill for increasing pay for millions, after announcements of bonuses from many companies. These bonuses have been criticized by the bill's opponents as publicity stunts, and economists have said many of them would have happened anyway due to low unemployment.
=== First impeachment ===
On December 18, 2019, the House of Representatives voted to have Trump impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate found Trump not guilty of all charges.
=== 2020 re-election bid ===
Trump announced his plans to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency. This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one. Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.
By January 2018, Trump's re-election committee had $22 million in hand, and it had raised a total amount exceeding $67 million by December 2018. $23 million was spent in the fourth quarter of 2018, as Trump supported various Republican candidates for the 2018 midterm elections. He made an official re-election campaign launch on June 18, 2019 in Orlando, Florida.
In the 2020 primaries, Trump faced primary challenges from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld and former U.S. Representatives Joe Walsh. Former South Carolina Governor and former U.S. Representative Mark Sanford also campaigned against him but withdrew from the race.
Trump lost re-election and refused to concede.
=== Defeat and attempts to overturn results ===
On November 7, Trump was defeated by former Vice President Joe Biden after Trump lost Pennsylvania and Nevada. Trump claimed voter fraud through the mail-in voting and threatened to use the United States Supreme Court to stop the states from counting the vote. He had unsuccessfully sued many states trying to make him the winner in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Wisconsin and Georgia.
Many Republican representatives and senators planned to object the United States Congress's formally recognizing Biden's electoral college victory on January 6, 2021. In early January 2021, Trump made a phone call to Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger in an attempt to find "11,780 votes" trying to remove Biden's victory in the state.
=== U.S. Capitol riots ===
On January 6, 2021, while the United States Congress were certifying the election results, rioters stormed the United States Capitol in violent protests across Washington, D.C..
After this, Trump got his Instagram, Facebook and Twitter accounts deleted. On January 8, 2021, Trump was banned from Twitter. The events from the Capitol riots led to new efforts to impeach Trump from the presidency.
=== Second impeachment ===
His actions towards the Capitol riots, led to the U.S. House to impeach Trump for a second time, making him the only President to be impeached twice.
=== Court appointments ===
During his presidency, Trump appointed three justices to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.
== First post-presidency, 2021–2025 ==
=== Election obstruction case (in federal court) ===
Trump is being prosecuted (as of 2024), "for trying to overturn the 2020 presidential election". About when the case can go to trial: "it almost certainly" cannot happen before the presidential election in November, according to Politico.com; Furthermore, about the chances of the case going to trial: "there’s still [a possibility, or] a narrow window" for that to happen. The case is being handled by a lower court in the federal court system.
Media said that the Supreme Court’s decision in July, says "that former presidents have “absolute” immunity from criminal prosecution over actions that fall within their “core constitutional powers,” and that they are also entitled to immunity for many other “official” acts."
The indictment was [made narrow, or] narrowed by the supreme court's decision (in July), according to media.
Earlier (August 1, 2023) a Washington D.C. federal grand jury indicted Trump on four counts related to his attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election:
Conspiracy to defraud the United States
Conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding
Obstruction of an official proceeding - and trying to obstruct that proceeding
Conspiracy against rights
This Election obstruction case, is sometimes called the "federal election case in Washington D.C." Trump is charged with conspiring to subvert the 2020 election, according to media.".
Trump is charged with conspiring to subvert the 2020 election, according to media".The judge (in the trial) "has scheduled a Sept. 5 hearing to set a course for the case", according to media. Furthermore, during the previous month, a new "indictment [... removed] some specific allegations against Trump".
==== 2024 hearing in U.S. supreme court ====
The supreme court made (July 2024) its decision about its hearing about Trump's claim of immunity from prosecution. The decision says, according to media, that "Trump is immune from prosecution for some [things, or] acts in" at least one of the court cases, the federal election case; Furthermore, "The opinion leaves much [without a decision, or] unresolved; Furthermore, the court has sent "the case back to trial court for further proceedings".
Some of the decisions (by the court), are called an opinion.
Earlier (April 2024), the U.S. supreme court started to hear (ideas or) arguments about immunity against prosecution.
The hearing is sometimes called Trump v. United States (2024).
=== Falsifying business records (trial in state court) ===
In May 2024, Trump was convicted by a jury; The judge (in the case) is supposed to hand down a sentence, on November 26; Earlier, Trump "had a probation interview as part of the sentencing process for his criminal conviction", according to media; Furthermore, he "did the interview [by video link, or] virtually from his Florida home ... with a probation officer at the Manhattan court"; Trump's lawyer was alongside Trump. From the day of getting his sentence, Trump will have 30 days to make an appeal. Trump is not detained (as of the beginning of July). He has not been ordered to (pay or) post bail (in this case.)
A (theory about Law, or a) "legal theory [was used in the court case,] that [made it possible or] enabled prosecutors to [change or] transform 34 misdemeanor counts [...] into a felony case against" Trump, according to Politico.com.
Earlier, Michael Cohen [gave] his testimony; He is "prosecutors’ key witness against" Trump, according to the media. Earlier, Stormy Daniels gave her testimony.
Earlier (April 15, 2024), the trial started.
Earlier (March 30, 2023) the Manhattan district attorney's office confirmed that a New York grand jury had indicted Trump.
Media wrote (September 3, 2024) that the judge is "weighing requests from Trump to toss out the verdict or postpone the sentencing hearing until after Election Day".
=== Classified documents case (in federal court) ===
There is no date for the trial in Florida [as of July 5]; Trump's lawyers have asked the judge, if Trump can get a "chance to argue the immunity issue", in front of the judge "between now and early September, [... and that will delay or pause] all other proceedings in the case by two months". Earlier (March 1, 2024) a hearing was held; The judge "did not [make or] issue any rulings", during the hearing.
Earlier (June 8, 2023) the Justice Department indicted Trump in Miami federal court, for
on purpose, keeping "national defense information under the Espionage Act"; He has been charged with doing those 31 times.
"One count of making false statements, and"
(together with or) "jointly with a personal aide ... conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal [the efforts of those two people, or] their efforts".
Trump pleaded not guilty to all charges. The judge in the court case tried to find out in court if the U.S. attorney general "is supervising Jack Smith" [as of June 2024]; The judge did not get information about how much contact there is between the special prosecutors and the U.S. attorney general.
On July 15, 2024, the judge at Donald Trump's trial for withholding classified documents after his departure from the White House annuls the entire procedure, considering that the appointment of special prosecutor Jack Smith was illegal.
The case is sometimes called the Government and classified documents case.
==== Background ====
On December 19, 2022, (a committee of the U.S. Congress, or) the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection. Earlier (August 8, 2022) FBI agents searched Trump's residence, office, and storage areas at Mar-a-Lago to find government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act. The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents; Four of those had the tag "top secret" and one had the tag "top secret/SCI", the highest level of classification. The search warrant (was signed by, or) was approved by U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland.
=== Other trials and cases ===
==== Georgia election interference case (in state court) ====
The state of Georgia has criminal charges against Trump. A trial "will not come before a jury in 2024", according to media (in June). Furthermore, an appeals court made a decision (early June 2024), to stop pretrial proceedings while a panel (of three) judges thinks about having the lead prosecutor kicked off the case; She is also the district attorney of Fulton county.
Earlier (May 2024), an appeals court made a decision to hear the [ demand] that the district attorney should be kicked off the case against Trump. Three "of the 13 felony counts [that] Trump faces in the case", have been taken away, according to media (on March 13, 2024); Furthermore, "the central charge of a racketeering conspiracy aimed at overturning the results of the 2020 presidential election in the state", is still in place. (A count, is an offence that a defendant gets charged with, in an indictment.)
As of 2024's first quarter, there are allegations that there has been (wrong behavior or) prosecutorial misconduct in that case. The judge ruled (March 15) that the district attorney "can continue" in the case against "Trump and his co-defendants ... if one of her top prosecutors on the case ... is removed from the team"; That prosecutor resigned that day. In regard to the court hearings about taking the district attorney off the case (or disqualifying her): On March 1, there was a court hearing. Earlier (February 27) one of those that witnessed at an earlier hearing, testified again; He had been ordered to testify again. Media said earlier (February 23) that a new affidavit from a private investigator, says that phone records show that the district attorney and Nathan Wade had more than 2,000 phone calls and more than 11,000 text messages during an 11 month period of 2021; The district attorney and Wade have testified that they were not in a romantic relationship during that time; Earlier (February 15) a hearing started; Earlier (February 12), the judge in the case said that he will consider taking district attorney Fani Willis off the case, if there was a financial conflict-of-interest between Willis and the man that she gave a job to (as special prosecutor in the Trump case); That man is Nathan Wade.
Earlier (February 2), Willis said in a document to the court, that she has been in a personal relationship with Wade since 2022.
As of the beginning of March 2024, trial dates for 15 defendants have not been set; Four other defendants have earlier made a guilty plea.
The court case is in Fulton County Superior Court, a state court. Georgia election racketeering prosecution, is one of the names of the case.
==== New York State's fraud case (trial in civil court) ====
In September 2022, the New York State Attorney General filed a fraud case (a civil lawsuit) against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.
In February 2024, the court found Trump (responsible according to law, or) liable. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. In March, the court system said that he "can post a bond of $175 million while he appeals the verdict". On April 1, he posted bond. A U.S. authority has asked [the court] (and "filed notice"), "for evidence that the company, which backed the bond ... can pay up if" necessary.
The case is sometimes called New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization.
==== E. Jean Carroll's lawsuits (trial in civil court) ====
In February 2024, there was a verdict against Trump. The next month, Trump got "a bond that will prevent E. Jean Carroll from immediately enforcing [a c. $83 million, or] an $83.3 million defamation verdict while Trump" is appealing (or asking for another trial, in a higher court).
=== Cases with a final decision (or verdict) ===
==== Case about being on the ballot (March 2024) in Illinois ====
Trump won a case in March 2024; He gets to have his name on the ballot in Illinois. During the previous month, Trump appealed a court ruling in Illinois, that says that the Illinois Board of Elections must remove Trump's name from the ballot of the (March 19) primary election.
=== 2024 presidential campaign ===
On November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 United States presidential election and created a fundraising account.
He has won 995 delegates, as of March 6, 2024. He needs to have 1,215 to win the primary elections (or the Republican presidential caucus).
Trump won in Utah, Alaska, California, Texas, Arkansas, Alabama, Maine, Oklahoma, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, Colorado, Massachusetts and Minnesota. Those elections were held on Super Tuesday.
He lost Vermont and American Samoa (March 6, 2024).
Earlier (March 4) he lost Washington D.C.
Earlier Trump won 4 states: Missouri, Michigan, South Carolina, and Iowa. He won a landslide victory in the 2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses.
On July 15, 2024, the first day of the Republican National Convention, Trump announced JD Vance as his nominee for vice president.
==== Attempted assassination ====
On July 13, 2024, during a rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, Thomas Matthew Crooks shot Trump. People at the rally and in videos have shown that Trump was bleeding from his right ear after the shooting. He put his fist into the air for a few seconds. He was quickly brought to a vehicle afterwards. He was brought to the hospital. The shooter and a spectator were killed. Trump and two others were injured.
== Second presidency, 2025–present ==
=== Presidential transition ===
Trump was elected the 47th president of the United States in November 2024. He beat vice president Kamala Harris. He became the second president in U.S. history elected to serve non-consecutive terms after former president Grover Cleveland. The Associated Press and BBC News described it as a comeback for a former president. At age 78 at the time of the 2024 election, Trump is the oldest person to be elected U.S. president, and the first convicted felon to become U.S. president. He was also set to become the first Republican in twenty years to win the popular vote in the U.S. presidential elections. Trump received congratulatory messages from politicians all over the world.
== Personal life ==
Trump has five children by three marriages and has ten grandchildren. Trump is a Presbyterian. As a child, he began going to church at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.
=== Marriages ===
Trump married his first wife, Czech model Ivana Zelníčková, on April 7, 1977, at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan. They had three children: son Donald Trump Jr. (born December 31, 1977), daughter Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and son Eric (born January 6, 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988. By early 1990, Trump's troubled marriage to Ivana and affair with actress Marla Maples had been reported in the tabloid press. They were divorced in 1992.
Trump married his second wife, actress Marla Maples in 1993. They had one daughter together, Tiffany (born October 13, 1993). The couple were separated in 1997 and later divorced in 1999.
In 1998, Trump began a relationship with Slovene model Melania Knauss, who became his third wife. They were engaged in April 2004 and were married on January 22, 2005, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, in Palm Beach, Florida. In 2006, Melania became a naturalized United States citizen. On March 20, 2006, she gave birth to their son, whom they named Barron Trump.
=== Health ===
A medical report by his doctor, Harold Bornstein MD, showed that Trump's blood pressure, liver and thyroid function were in normal range. Trump says that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed other drugs, including marijuana. He also does not drink alcohol, a decision after his brother's death caused by alcoholism. His BMI, according to his December 2016 visit on Doctor Oz, is just under 30, which is "high".
In February 2019, a new medical test found Trump to be clinically obese. He was later diagnosed with coronary artery disease.
On October 1, 2020, Trump announced on Twitter that he and his wife tested positive for COVID-19. He was briefly hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.
== References ==
== Other websites ==
Donald J. Trump for President campaign website
Bio of Trump at the Trump Organization
Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
Profile at Project Vote Smart
Donald Trump on IMDb
Trump Appearances on C-SPAN
Donald Trump at the Open Directory Project
TITLE Transgender
Transgender people are people who identify or feel differently from their assigned sex at birth. It is considered a gender modality in which gender identity differs from the gender assigned at birth.
== Definitions ==
The word "transgender" can describe many different people. People with different ideas about their genders might think of themselves as transgender. These people use different words to describe their gender. The term "trans people" is often used as a short version of "transgender people".
Some common definitions of the words used in this article are listed here:
Anatomical (biological) sex means whether someone was born with a male or female body.
Cisgender is an antonym of transgender and means a person who identifies as the gender they were assigned at birth
Gender is the way masculinity and femininity are seen or used by all people, separate from anatomical sex.
Gender expression is how a person behaves or acts in ways that affect how others might view them as being male or female.
Gender identity is a person's sense in their mind of whether they are a man, woman, something else or neither (agender).
The gender binary is the idea that a person must be either male or female and that there is no other gender other than those two.
Gender role is society's view of how people should act because of their gender: men and women are expected to act in a certain way. Gender roles are often enforced by society through disapproval of cross-gender behavior: for example, if a male child wants a doll, he might be told that he is "acting like a girl". If a female child climbs a tree, she might be called a "tomboy".
Sexuality is usually grouped in with transgender topics, but it still doesn't dictate whether someone is cisgender or transgender or vice versa. For example, a person can be heterosexual and trans at the same time.
These definitions are important to help understand that what people look like outside (sex) is not always the same as how they feel inside (gender). Some people do not fit into the gender binary.
Please note that transgender is best used as an adjective. Using the word as a noun can be considered offensive.
== Types of transgender people ==
There are many subgroups of people who are included in the term transgender. Not all transgender people fit into these groups. Some of the big groups are:
Transsexual – unlike the term 'transgender', this is a more specific term. It is an older word which existed in medical communities and is preferred to be used by people who seek to change their bodies (such as through surgery or hormones). Many people prefer the term "transgender" to "transsexual" and see "transsexual" as an offensive term as it used to refer to the identity as a disease, and clinicians are advised to only use the term "transsexual" if their client is okay with it.
AFAB – means 'assigned female at birth.'
AMAB – means 'assigned male at birth.'
Transgender Woman - assigned male at birth (AMAB) but identifies as a woman. Also called a 'trans woman.'
Transgender Man - assigned female at birth (AFAB) but identifies as a man. Also called a 'trans man.'
Genderqueer – is someone who rejects the whole idea of a gender binary and may identify as a number of varied gender terms. This can sometimes be seen as a controversial word, since ‘’queer’’ has been used as a slur in the past, even if it has mostly been reclaimed in recent times. Genderqueer people may prefer to use the term "Non-Binary" to describe themselves, which is often shortened to "enby" (from spelling out the acronym "NB" phonetically).
Transfeminine – a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.
The following groups of people are not necessarily transgender:
Intersex - is a word for people who are born with both some male and some female biological traits.
Cross-dresser – is commonly associated with transgender people but is unrelated. It’s when female identified people dress to appear as a man, or male identified people dress to appear as a woman.
Transvestite - This is considered to be offensive to most transgender people as “transvestites” will dress very masculine or feminine for sexual satisfaction.
== History ==
People like those who, in modern Western societies, are now identified as transgender or transsexual, have been documented in many cultures and for thousands of years. However, only in the last century have science and medicine developed ways to change the bodies of trans people who want this.
People who have traits that are different from the sex they are born with, have been accepted in some societies, both historically and now. For example, some Native American tribes accepted two-spirit people. Similarly a Tongan person born with a male body who acts and dresses in a female way is known in the local dialect as a "fakaleiti".
The "hijra" in India are born physically male, but live as women, including dressing and socializing as female. In the past they used to castrate themselves and even remove the penis in order to urinate through a small hole. Now, with the arrival of western medicine, many hijari choose to take hormone therapies and sometimes have sex reassignment surgery. Many of these people still call themselves "hijra", but some now call themselves "transsexuals" or "transgender women". The role of hijari in society is complex and varied throughout all of India.
In western society, there have often been people who have chosen to act and dress in a way that was not gender specific, or was not that of the sex they were assigned at birth. This is not the same as being transgender. Cross dressing actors were very popular in the theatre of the late 19th century.
An example of a transgender person is the 19th century military surgeon who was known as James Barry. It is now believed that Barry was born female but disguised his sex all his adult life. Barry's work, which saved, and helped thousands of lives by improving treatment of wounds to stop amputations, would not have been possible, as a woman, because as a female he could never have attended medical school or entered the army.
A 20th century example of a transgender person is Jan Morris, a geographer, explorer and journalist, who began life as James Morris. As "James", Morris married and had children, but felt female and eventually became Jan Morris.
== Issues ==
Transgender people are not accepted by all people and all societies. Transgender people suffer discrimination, violence, and even murder. Transgender people have fought and worked hard to get many rights and protections in some societies. In many places, the fight for transgender rights is associated with the fight for gay and bisexual rights. Together these groups are sometimes described by the acronym LGBT for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
However, some transgender people do not want to be a part of the LGB (lesbian, gay and bisexual) community, as they may see themselves as heterosexual and not feel like they belong with gay or queer people, and some LGB people do not want to be a part of the transgender community, as they may be transphobic, which means that they may have a fear or dislike of transgender people, or they may not want heterosexuals to see sexuality and gender identity as the same thing. However, gay and transgender people often have some of the same problems in society, so many gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people try to work together to solve all of their problems.
=== Mental health ===
Many transgender people have mental health problems. A 2012 study of British transgender people found that 84% had considered suicide. 55% had been diagnosed with depression. 33% had not been diagnosed with depression, but thought that they had it in the past or at the time of the survey. 53% had self-harmed. 38% of had been diagnosed with anxiety. 31% were using antidepressants and 44% had used them at some time.
A study of 164 Irish transgender people found that 80% had considered suicide. 40% of those had attempted suicide at least once. 44% had self-harmed. The reason for these high numbers is often seen as a result of discrimination and social problems. Transgender youth sometimes hurt, injure or kill themselves because they are bullied by other people, or because they feel very unhappy having their body become an adult body that they do not want because they feel it is the wrong body. Some people (usually social conservatives) say the rates of self-harm and suicide are high because transgender people are mentally ill.
Some studies however have shown that transgender people may have better mental health and commit suicide less often when they live as their preferred gender.
=== Medical care ===
Transgender people who want to take medicine and have surgery to change their bodies face several problems. In order to change their bodies, they must have doctors who will help them make the changes. Sometimes, they can not do this because doctors will not help them. They may also not be able to do this because even if a doctor would treat them, they may not be able to afford the medicine or surgery. But the Declaration of Montreal says that such medical care should be given to them by public health insurance.
=== Disease versus difference ===
Some people believe that being transgender is a disease, sometimes called gender identity disorder. Many transgender people do not like being labelled as having a disease, which they feel causes them to be seen and treated badly. Others believe that they should be labelled this way, because some governments and insurance companies will not pay for transgender people's medical treatment unless it is considered a disease. Also, In places that do not have laws that protect transgender people from discrimination, they may only be protected under laws that protect people with diseases or disabilities.
Doctors do not agree on one way of viewing being transgender. Some doctors view it as a birth defect that can easily be fixed, others may not even think that being transgender is a medical condition. Since May 25th, 2019, the World Health Organization does not see being transgender as a disease or mental health problem, asking many countries to comply as well. One of the international human rights laws of the Yogyakarta Principles (Principal 18), disagrees with any use of a medical disease label.
=== Violence ===
About 50% of transgender people have been sexually assaulted.
=== Legal problems ===
Transgender people have problems with laws and regulations about sex. To be seen and treated as the sex they wish, transgender people usually have to change their first name. (Though some names are unisex, which means that they can be used by both men and women, transgender people with a unisex name may still want to change their name, though this is not always the case.) They also may want to change their identity documents to say the correct sex. For example, a transgender woman may wish to change her birth certificate or driving license to say her new female name and to say that she is a female.
These changes can protect transgender people from discrimination. For example, transgender people often have a hard time traveling because they may look like one sex but have another on their papers. These changes can also be needed for transgender people to be allowed to marry their spouses in places where it is illegal for people of the same sex to marry. These changes can even protect transgender people from a wide variety of violence. Some transgender people are only recognized when their documents reveal them. Being revealed as transgender can put people in danger because of transphobia (fear and/or hatred of transgender people).
In many places, it is hard or not possible for transgender people to change their legal sex, with or without having genital surgery, which is required in many places. This is against the Yogyakarta Principles. This is changing, however. The United Kingdom passed the Gender Recognition Act of 2004. This act allows people to have their change of sex officially recognized without surgery. Once changed, they legally become their new sex.[1]
== References ==
TITLE Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964)was a law passed in the United States in 1964 by President Lyndon B Johnson. The law made it illegal to discriminate against someone based on their race or gender. It also ended segregation in schools and workplaces, along with social life. It bans unfair rules for registering to vote, separates people by race in schools and public places, and stops discrimination at work. The law is still seen as one of the most important in U.S. history.
At first, the government didn’t have strong powers to enforce the law, but stronger rules were added later. Congress used different parts of the U.S. Constitution to support the law—especially its power to control trade between states (Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8), to make sure everyone is treated equally under the 14th Amendment, and to protect voting rights under the 15th Amendment.
President John F. Kennedy first introduced the law in June 1963, but it faced strong opposition in the Senate. After Kennedy was killed in November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson took over and pushed the law forward. The House of Representatives passed it on February 10, 1964. After a long 72-day delay in the Senate, the bill finally passed there on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House and 73–27 in the Senate. After a small change from the Senate was accepted, President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law on July 2, 1964 at the White House.
== Background ==
=== Reconstruction and New Deal era ===
In 1883, the U.S. Supreme Court made an important decision called the Civil Rights Cases. The Court said that Congress didn’t have the power to stop discrimination by private businesses. This decision took away much of the strength of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which was meant to protect civil rights.
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Supreme Court often struck down laws that tried to regulate private businesses, unless the laws were about public morals.
In the 1930s, during the New Deal, the Supreme Court began to change its view. It started to allow more government control over private businesses by using the Commerce Clause. This shift helped the federal government later create civil rights laws that banned discrimination in both public and private areas.
Partly influenced by advice from his group of Black advisors known as the "Black Cabinet" and the March on Washington Movement, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 just before the U.S. entered World War II. This was the first federal order against discrimination, and it created the Fair Employment Practices Committee to help make sure jobs were given fairly.
Later, President Harry Truman, who came after Roosevelt, set up the President's Committee on Civil Rights. He also suggested the first major civil rights law of the 20th century. Truman signed Executive Orders 9980 and Executive Order 9981 to make sure there was fair hiring and to end segregation in the federal government and the military.
=== Civil Rights Act of 1957 ===
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 9, 1957. It was the first major civil rights law passed by the U.S. government since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. After the Supreme Court said school segregation was illegal in 1954 (in the Brown v. Board of Education case), many Southern Democrats strongly resisted desegregation. Even white leaders who had been moderate began to take openly racist positions.
To reduce pressure for bigger changes, President Eisenhower suggested a civil rights law focused on protecting the voting rights of Black Americans.
Although the law did not lead to a big increase in Black voter turnout—many counties with mostly Black populations had very low or even zero Black voter registration—it still created two important things: the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. However, by 1960, Black voting had only increased by about 3%, so Congress passed another law, the Civil Rights Act of 1960, to fix some of the problems left by the 1957 law.
=== Activism ===
Global media had a big influence during the Kennedy and Johnson presidencies and helped push for the 1964 Civil Rights Act to become law. Television showed the world the violent responses to civil rights protests, like the 1957 Little Rock Crisis, where people resisted the Supreme Court’s decision to end school segregation, and the 1963 attacks on peaceful protestors in Birmingham. These images brought negative attention to the U.S. and put strong pressure on the government to pass major civil rights laws.
=== 1963 Kennedy civil rights bill ===
After winning the 1960 United States presidential election with 70% of the African American vote, President John F. Kennedy was careful about pushing civil rights laws because he had only won by a small margin, and the Democrats had only a small lead in Congress. He didn’t want to lose support from Southern politicians. The Miller Center says he planned to wait until his second term to propose a civil rights bill.
However, growing racial tensions and protests in the spring of 1963—like the Birmingham campaign—made Kennedy realize he had to act sooner. On June 11, 1963, he gave a speech to the nation and introduced a civil rights bill. He asked Congress to pass a law that would give all Americans the right to be served in public places like hotels, restaurants, theaters, and stores. He also wanted better protection for the right to vote.
Later that summer, labor leader Walter Reuther warned that if Congress didn’t pass the bill, the country might face another civil war.
Kennedy’s bill was similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which the Supreme Court had overturned in 1883. His bill aimed to ban discrimination in public spaces and let the U.S. Attorney General help fight school segregation in court. However, it left out some things that civil rights activists wanted, like protection from police violence, ending job discrimination in private businesses, and giving the Justice Department power to start lawsuits over segregation or job bias.
== Legislative history ==
=== House of Representatives ===
On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to talk about his civil rights bill before giving a speech on TV that night. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (Republican) and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (Democrat) supported the bill—except for the part about giving everyone equal access to public places. Because of this, some Republican members of the House wrote a compromise version of the bill.
On June 19, Kennedy officially sent his original bill to Congress, saying that it was urgent and needed action. The bill first went to the House of Representatives and was reviewed by the Judiciary Committee, led by Democrat Emanuel Celler of New York.
After holding hearings, the committee made the bill stronger. They added parts that would:
Ban racial discrimination in jobs
Give better protection to Black voters
End segregation in all public facilities, not just schools
Strengthen the rules against segregation in places like lunch counters
They also gave the Attorney General the power to sue to protect people whose rights were being taken away—this was known as "Title III." This part had been taken out of earlier civil rights laws in 1957 Act and 1960 Act. Civil rights groups strongly supported adding it back because it could help protect peaceful protesters and Black voters from police violence and unfair treatment.
=== Lobbying efforts ===
A group called the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights helped organize support for the bill. This group was made up of 70 liberal and labor organizations. Two important people who worked to convince Congress to pass the bill were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell Jr. from the NAACP.
After the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, leaders like Roy Wilkins, A. Philip Randolph, and Walter Reuther met with Kennedy. They asked him to support a part of the bill that would create a Fair Employment Practices Commission. This commission would stop discrimination by federal agencies, labor unions, and private companies.
In late October 1963, Kennedy invited leaders from Congress to the White House to try to get enough votes to pass the bill in the House of Representatives. In November, the bill moved out of the Judiciary Committee and went to the Rules Committee. But the chairman of that committee, Howard W. Smith, a Democrat from Virginia who strongly supported segregation, said he planned to block the bill from moving forward.
=== Johnson's appeal to Congress ===
When President John F. Kennedy was killed on November 22, 1963, it changed the political situation. The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, used his experience in Congress and his power as president to support the civil rights bill. In his first speech to Congress on November 27, 1963, Johnson said the best way to honor Kennedy’s memory was to quickly pass the civil rights bill that Kennedy had worked so hard for.
Emanuel Celler, head of the Judiciary Committee, tried to move the bill out of the Rules Committee by filing a special petition. This petition needed a majority of House members to sign it in order to bring the bill to a vote. At first, it was hard to get enough signatures because some members didn’t want to break the usual rules of the House, even though they supported the bill. By the time Congress took its winter break, they still needed 50 more signatures.
When Congress came back from the break, it was clear that most people in the North supported the bill, and the petition would soon have enough signatures. To avoid embarrassment, the Rules Committee chairman, Howard W. Smith, gave in and let the bill move forward.
=== Passage in the Senate ===
President Johnson wanted the bill to become law quickly. Normally, the bill would have gone to the Senate Judiciary Committee, which was led by Senator James O. Eastland from Mississippi. Eastland strongly opposed civil rights and likely would have blocked the bill. To get around this, Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield skipped the usual process. Instead of letting the committee hold up the bill, he gave it a second reading right away on February 26, 1964, which sent it straight to the full Senate for debate.On March 30, 1964, the Senate began debating the bill. A group of 18 Southern Democratic Senators and one Republican, John Tower of Texas, tried to stop the bill by launching a filibuster (a long debate to delay or block a vote). Their leader, Senator Richard Russell of Georgia, said they would fight hard against anything that brought racial equality in the South.
Senator Strom Thurmond, who was a Democrat at the time, also strongly opposed the bill. He said the civil rights proposals were unconstitutional, not needed, and reminded him of the harsh laws from the Reconstruction era after the Civil War.
After the Senate filibuster went on for 54 days, Senators Mansfield, Hubert Humphrey, Everett Dirksen, and Thomas Kuchel introduced a new version of the civil rights bill. This version was meant to win support from enough Republicans and liberal Democrats to end the filibuster. Although the new bill was slightly weaker than the one passed by the House—especially in terms of government control over private businesses—it was still strong enough that the House did not ask for changes.
Senator Robert Byrd finally ended his part of the filibuster on the morning of June 10, 1964, after speaking for 14 hours and 13 minutes. By that time, the Senate had spent 60 working days debating the bill, including six Saturdays. The day before, Senator Humphrey, who was in charge of the bill, believed he had the 67 votes needed to stop the debate. With help from six undecided senators, the Senate voted 71 to 29 to end the filibuster. This was the first time in U.S. history the Senate had enough votes to break a filibuster on a civil rights bill. Since 1927, the Senate had only managed to end a filibuster once on any issue.
One emotional moment happened during that vote when Senator Clair Engle from California was brought in by wheelchair. He was dying from brain cancer and couldn’t speak, but when his name was called, he pointed to his eye to signal his “Yes” vote. He died seven weeks later.
=== Final passage ===
On June 19, the Senate approved the revised version of the bill with a vote of 73 to 27. A special conference committee then agreed to use the Senate’s version. After that, both the House and the Senate passed the final bill. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it into law on July 2, 1964.
=== Vote totals ===
Totals are in Yea–Nay format:
Original House version: 290–130 (69–31%)
Cloture in the Senate: 71–29
Senate version: 73–27
Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126 (70–30%)
==== By party ====
Original House version:
Democratic Party: 152–96 (61–39%)
Republican Party: 138–34 (80–20%)
Cloture in the Senate:
Democratic Party: 44–23 (66–34%)
Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%)
Senate version:
Democratic Party: 46–21 (69–31%)
Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%)
Senate version, voted on by the House:
Democratic Party: 153–91 (63–37%)
Republican Party: 136–35 (80–20%)
==== By region ====
In this context, "Southern" only refers to members of Congress from the 11 states that were part of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War in America. "Northern" means members from the other 39 states, even if some of those states are in the South, like Kentucky.
House of Representatives:
Northern: 281–32 (90–10%)
Southern: 8–94 (8–92%)
Senate:
Northern: 72–6 (92–8%)
Southern: 1–21 (5–95%) – Ralph Yarborough from Texas was the only Southern Senator who voted "yes" on the bill.
==== By party and region ====
House of Representatives:
Southern Democrats: 8 voted yes, 83 voted no — the 8 who voted yes included 4 from Texas (Jack Brooks, Albert Thomas, J. J. Pickle, and Henry González), 2 from Tennessee (Richard Fulton and Ross Bass), Claude Pepper from Florida and Charles L. Weltner from Georgia.
Southern Republicans: 0 voted yes, 11 voted no.
Northern Democrats: 145 voted yes, 8 voted no.
Northern Republicans: 136 voted yes, 24 voted no.
Also, 4 Representatives voted "Present" (meaning they didn’t vote yes or no), and 13 didn’t vote at all.
Senate:
Southern Democrats: 1 voted yes, 20 voted no — only Ralph Yarborough of Texas supported the bill.
Southern Republicans: 0 voted yes, 1 voted no — John Tower from Texas, the only Southern Republican, voted against it.
Northern Democrats: 45 voted yes, 1 voted no — only Robert Byrd from West Virginia voted against it.
Northern Republicans: 27 voted yes, 5 voted no — those who voted no were Norris Cotton (New Hampshire), Barry Goldwater (Arizona), Bourke B. Hickenlooper (Iowa), Edwin L. Mechem (New Mexico), and Milward Simpson (Wyoming).
=== Aspects ===
==== Women's rights ====
One part of the Civil Rights Act was about women's rights. A year earlier, in 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, which said men and women should get equal pay for the same work.
When the Civil Rights Act was being debated, Congressman Howard W. Smith, a powerful Democrat from Virginia who didn’t support civil rights, added the word "sex" to the bill. This meant the law would also protect people from discrimination based on gender, not just race. His change passed with a vote of 168 to 133. Some people think Smith added "sex" to try to make the bill fail, because he didn’t support rights for Black people or women. Others think he truly supported women’s rights. Republicans, who had supported equal rights for women since 1944, helped pass the change. Labor unions, on the other hand, didn’t support it, and some northern Democrats opposed it. When Smith introduced the change, many in the room laughed.
Smith said he was serious. He had worked with women’s rights groups for many years and had supported the Equal Rights Amendment for two decades. He worked with Representative Martha Griffiths, who also pushed hard for the change. Griffiths said the law would protect Black women but not white women unless "sex" was added. Lawyer Pauli Murray supported this view, and Griffiths also argued that laws "protecting" women from tough jobs were actually meant to keep them out. In the end, the amendment to include "sex" passed with support from Republicans and Southern Democrats. The full bill passed with support from Republicans and Northern Democrats. Because the rule about sex discrimination was added quickly, there isn’t much information about what lawmakers meant by it. Later, Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist said this made it hard to interpret exactly what "discrimination based on sex" means under the law.
==== Desegregation ====
People who were against the Civil Rights Act argued that it would lead to forced busing of students to schools in order to meet certain racial numbers. Supporters of the bill, like Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits, said this wasn’t true. One of the main supporters, Hubert Humphrey, even added two changes to the bill to make sure busing would not be allowed. Humphrey said that forcing busing based on race would be unconstitutional. Javits also said that any government official who tried to use the bill for busing would be acting foolishly. However, two years later, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare said that schools in the South would have to bus students to meet racial balance rules.
== Aftermath ==
=== Political Effects ===
The Civil Rights Act caused a big split in both major political parties and led to lasting changes in who supported them. President Robert F. Kennedy knew that backing the bill might cause the Democratic Party to lose support in the South. Still, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for the bill. Johnson told an aide that even though it was risky and they might lose Southern states, those states might not support them anyway.
Senator Richard Russell, Jr. warned Johnson that supporting civil rights would cost him support in the South and possibly the election. But Johnson ended up winning the 1964 election in a huge landslide. Even though five Southern states voted Republican in 1964 election, the South slowly became a Republican stronghold by the 1990s.
Most members of both political parties voted for the bill, but not all. Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate for president in 1964, voted against the bill. Although he was against segregation, he said, "You can't legislate morality." He had supported earlier civil rights laws in 1957 and 1960, and the 24th Amendment banning the poll tax. But he thought part of the 1964 bill—Title II—took away personal freedom and states' rights.
Many Democrats and Republicans from Southern states fought the bill, leading a 60-day filibuster in the Senate. Among them were Senators Albert Gore, Sr. (D-TN), J. William Fulbright (D-AR), and Robert Byrd (D-WV), who spoke for 14 hours straight to block the bill.
=== Continued resistance ===
Some white business owners argued that Congress didn’t have the right to force them to stop segregation in public places. One of them, Moreton Rolleston, owned a motel in Atlanta, Georgia. He said he shouldn’t be forced to allow Black guests, claiming, “The real question is whether Congress can take away a person’s freedom to run their business and choose their customers.” Rolleston believed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 violated the Constitution, especially the Fourteenth Amendment, Fifth Amendment and Thirteenth Amendment, by taking away his rights and property unfairly. But in the Supreme Court case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Court ruled that Congress had the power to pass the law under the Commerce Clause in the Constitution and rejected Rolleston’s arguments.
Even after the law passed, many people—especially in the South—still resisted it. For example, in 1968, Black college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina, tried to integrate a bowling alley. They were violently attacked, leading to protests and what became known as the “Orangeburg massacre.” School boards also resisted integration for years. Real progress in ending segregation in schools didn’t happen until the late 1960s and early 1970s, after a court case called Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968).
=== Later impact on LGBT rights ===
In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court made a decision in three cases (Bostock v. Clayton County, Altitude Express v. Zarda, and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes v. EEOC). The Court said that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which bans job discrimination based on sex, also protects people from being treated unfairly because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
After the ruling, USA Today reported that this decision could affect many other areas, like education, health care, housing, and loans, by strengthening protections against sex discrimination in those areas too.
== Titles ==
=== Title I – voting rights ===
Title I This part said that voting rules must be applied the same way to everyone, no matter their race. However, it did not get rid of literacy tests, which were often used to stop Black people and poor people from voting. It also didn’t stop people from being punished, threatened, or hurt for trying to vote. The law still allowed states to set “qualifications” for voting, so people didn’t automatically have the right to vote just because they were citizens. A later law—the Voting Rights Act of 1965—fixed many of these problems and banned literacy tests.
=== Title II – public accommodations ===
Title II This part made it illegal to treat people differently in places like hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and other public places, based on their race, skin color, religion, or where they came from. It only applied to places open to the public and involved in business across state lines. It did not apply to private clubs.
=== Title III – desegregation of public facilities ===
Title III This part said that state and local governments could not keep people out of public places—like parks, libraries, or swimming pools—because of their race, color, religion, or national origin.
=== Title IV – desegregation of public education ===
Title IV This part supported the desegregation (ending of racial separation) of public schools. It gave the U.S. Attorney General the power to go to court to enforce this.
=== Title V – Commission on Civil Rights ===
Title V This part gave more powers and new rules to the Civil Rights Commission, which was created in Civil Rights Act of 1957 to help protect people’s civil rights.
=== Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs ===
Title VI This part said that programs or activities that get money from the federal government cannot discriminate based on race, color, or national origin. If they do, they can lose their federal funding.
General
This part of the law says it is the policy of the United States that people should not face discrimination based on race, skin color, or national origin in any program or activity that gets money from the federal government. This rule does not apply to programs that give money to other countries.
Section 601 says that no one in the U.S. can be left out of, denied help from, or treated unfairly in any program that receives federal money because of their race, color, or national origin.
Section 602 tells federal agencies (like the Department of Education or Health) to create rules to enforce this policy. If someone receiving federal money breaks these rules, the agency can stop giving them money—but only after a fair hearing. Before doing that, the agency must try to solve the problem by working with the person or organization first.
Section 603 says that if a federal agency decides to stop funding someone for breaking these rules, that decision can be reviewed by a court. Even if the law normally wouldn’t allow courts to review such a decision, this section makes sure that people affected can still take the matter to court.
This title is meant to make sure that taxpayer money doesn’t go to programs that treat people unfairly because of their race or background.
2019 Executive Order
On December 11, 2019, an executive order was made to fight against antisemitism (discrimination against Jewish people). It says that even though Title VI of the Civil Rights Act does not cover religion, people who face discrimination because of their race, color, or national origin are still protected under Title VI—even if they are part of a group with shared religious practices. Discrimination against Jewish people can be a violation of Title VI if it is based on race, color, or national origin. The government will work hard to stop antisemitism just like it works to stop other types of discrimination under Title VI. The order also says that agencies enforcing Title VI should think about the working definition of antisemitism made by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) in 2016. They should also look at examples of antisemitism from IHRA to help decide if discrimination has happened.
2025 Executive Order
In April 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14281. It says the Attorney General must start actions to change or remove rules about how Title VI is applied. These changes will affect any rules that deal with “disparate-impact liability” (which means holding someone responsible for policies that hurt certain groups, even if there was no intention to discriminate).
=== Title VII – equal employment opportunity ===
Title VII is part of the law that says employers cannot treat people unfairly because of their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It applies to employers who have 15 or more employees working for them for at least 20 weeks in a year. The law also protects people from discrimination if they are connected to someone of a certain race, color, religion, sex, or national origin—like being married to someone of a different race.
Other laws added later to Title VII also stop discrimination based on pregnancy, age, and disability.
In very rare cases, an employer can treat someone differently if a certain trait is really needed for the job. For example, if the trait is necessary for the business to work properly, and there is no other way to do the job. This is called a "bona fide occupational qualification" or BFOQ, but it’s a very narrow rule and hard to prove. Just because a boss or customer prefers a worker of a certain religion does not count as a BFOQ.
Title VII also lets employers or groups ignore this rule if a person is involved with the Communist Party or certain organizations that must register as Communist groups under a law from 1950.
Some employers have full or partial exceptions to following Title VII rules. These include:
The federal government (some government offices must follow Title VII rules now 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16)
Native American tribes that the government officially recognizes
Religious groups doing work related to their religious activities, including their schools
Genuine nonprofit private membership groups
The Bennett Amendment is a rule in Title VII that limits claims about pay discrimination based on sex. It says employers can pay men and women differently if allowed by the Equal Pay Act of 1963.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and some state agencies called Fair Employment Practices Agencies (FEPAs) enforce Title VII (see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-4). They investigate complaints, try to help settle cases, and can sue employers for workers. If a state law conflicts with the federal law, the federal law wins. All states except Arkansas and Mississippi have a FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA directory ).
People who believe they were discriminated against can also file their own lawsuit. But they must first file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 days after they find out about the discrimination, or they might lose the chance to sue.
Title VII only applies to employers who have 15 or more employees working for at least 20 weeks during the current or previous year.(42 U.S.C. § 2000e#b)
2025 Executive Order
In April 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14281. It said that within 45 days, the Attorney General and the head of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) must review all ongoing cases and investigations under federal civil rights laws, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that use a legal idea called "disparate-impact liability." They must then take action following the rules of this order.
Past Administrative Actions
In 2012, the EEOC decided that it is illegal under Title VII to discriminate against someone because of their gender identity or if they are transgender. This includes discrimination based on stereotypes about gender, discomfort with a person’s transition, or because someone thinks their sex has changed.
In 2014, the EEOC started lawsuits against companies for gender identity discrimination and was looking at more cases. As of November 2014, Commissioner Chai Feldblum worked to help people know that Title VII protects against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity .
On December 15, 2014, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), led by Attorney General Eric Holder, agreed with the EEOC. The DOJ said Title VII’s ban on sex discrimination also includes discrimination based on gender identity or being transgender. The DOJ had already stopped fighting claims from transgender federal employees.
In 2015, the EEOC confirmed again, with a memo, that sexual orientation is protected under Title VII.
But in October 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions canceled Holder’s memo. Sessions said Title VII should only be understood to protect against discrimination between “men and women.” He said Title VII does not protect against discrimination based on gender identity itself.
A DOJ official said the previous administration went beyond what the law allows, so they had to change the policy. However, some lawyers disagreed, saying Sessions’ memo does not reflect the actual law but what the DOJ wants the law to be. The EEOC kept its position, which caused some disagreements with the DOJ.
Major Changes: Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII didn’t have strong ways to enforce its rules. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) could only investigate complaints about discrimination but could only ask the Justice Department to take legal action.
In 1972, Congress passed a new law called the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. This changed Title VII and gave the EEOC the power to start legal cases on its own. After that, the EEOC played a big role in shaping how civil rights laws were understood in court.
=== Title VIII – registration and voting statistics ===
Title VIII required collecting information about voter registration and voting in certain areas chosen by the Commission on Civil Rights.
=== Title IX – intervention and removal of cases ===
For rules about stopping sex discrimination in schools that get federal money, see a different law called the Education Amendments Act of 1972.
Title IX made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts to federal courts. This was important because civil rights activists believed they could not get fair trials in state courts.
=== Title X – Community Relations Service ===
Title X Title X created the Community Relations Service. This group helps communities deal with disputes involving discrimination. It used to be part of the Department of Commerce but later moved to the Department of Justice.
=== Title XI – miscellaneous ===
Title XI Title XI says that if someone is accused of certain types of criminal contempt related to Titles II through VII of the Act, they have the right to a jury trial. If found guilty, they can be fined up to $1,000 or jailed for up to six months.
== Major amendments ==
=== Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 ===
Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII didn’t have strong ways to enforce its rules. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) could only investigate complaints about discrimination but could only ask the Justice Department to take legal action.
In 1972, Congress passed a new law called the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. This changed Title VII and gave the EEOC the power to start legal cases on its own. After that, the EEOC played a big role in shaping how civil rights laws were understood in court.
== United States Supreme Court cases ==
=== Title II case law ===
==== Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) ====
After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court said the law could apply to private businesses because Congress can control business between states. This case confirmed the law was constitutional, but not all legal questions were settled.
==== Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) ====
==== United States v. Johnson (1968) ====
==== Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. (1968) ====
==== Daniel v. Paul (1969) ====
==== McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (1973) ====
=== Title VI case law ===
==== Lau v. Nichols (1974) ====
The Supreme Court said San Francisco schools were breaking the law by putting students who don’t speak English into regular classes without help.
==== Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke (1978) ====
==== Alexander v. Sandoval (2001) ====
==== Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023) ====
=== Title VII case law ===
==== Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) ====
==== Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. (1971) ====
In this case, the Court said a company can’t refuse to hire a woman just because she has young children unless it also treats men with children the same way.
Also, a federal court canceled an Ohio law that said women couldn’t do jobs requiring lifting 25 pounds and that women had to take lunch breaks but men did not.
The Supreme Court ruled that newspapers can’t print separate job ads for men and women anymore. The government also stopped labeling federal jobs as "women only" or "men only."
==== Washington v. Davis (1976) ====
==== TWA v. Hardison (1977) ====
This important Supreme Court case decided that employers can fire workers who refuse to work on their religious day of rest, like the biblical Sabbath.
==== Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977) ====
==== Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1978) ====
==== Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986) ====
This case Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986) said that sexual harassment at work counts as discrimination based on sex.
==== Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989) ====
The Court ruled that employers can’t discriminate against someone because they don’t act in ways expected by gender stereotypes under Title VII. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989) .
==== Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989) ====
==== United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991) ====
==== Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services (1998) ====
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998) The Court said that sexual harassment between people of the same sex is also illegal under Title VII.
==== Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White (2006) ====
On June 22, 2006, in Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, the Supreme Court held that:
In this case, the Court decided that when a worker was moved to a worse job and suspended without pay after complaining about sexual harassment, it was illegal retaliation.
This was important because it explained that retaliation isn’t just about things happening at work or related to employment.
Title VII protects workers from punishment like being fired, losing pay, or getting worse job conditions for complaining about discrimination or helping with a discrimination claim.
Retaliation includes any bad job decision that might stop a reasonable worker from reporting discrimination or supporting someone who does.
==== Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007) ====
==== Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) ====
==== University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar (2013) ====
==== Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores (2015) ====
==== Green v. Brennan (2016) ====
==== Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) and Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda (2020) ====
On June 15, 2020, the Supreme Court decided that Title VII’s rule against sex discrimination also protects LGBT people from job discrimination.
Justice Neil Gorsuch explained that if a company treats a gay or transgender person worse because of their sex, it’s illegal discrimination.
This means firing or treating LGBT workers unfairly is considered sex discrimination, which Title VII does not allow.
The Bostock case was combined with the Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda case. These two cases were combined because different courts had different opinions before the Supreme Court made this decision.
==== R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2020) ====
This R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission case decided that Title VII protects people based on their gender identity, including transgender people.
==== Groff v. DeJoy (2023) ====
== Influence ==
=== Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ===
The Americans with Disabilities Act, passed in 1990, is often called the most important law since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The ADA was based a lot on the structure and ideas of the Civil Rights Act.For example, Title I of the ADA, which stops discrimination in jobs against people with disabilities, is like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which stops job discrimination based on race, sex, and other things. Also, Title III of the ADA, which stops discrimination against people with disabilities in public places, is similar to Title II of the Civil Rights Act but covers more places. The ADA helped make sure people with disabilities are treated fairly, an idea that became stronger after the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
== Related pages ==
Civil Rights Movement
Employment Non-Discrimination Act
Voting Rights Act of 1965
== References ==
== Bibliography ==
Branch, Taylor (1998), Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163–184. online version
Golway, Terry (2010). JFK: Day by Day: A Chronicle of the 1,036 Days of John F. Kennedy's Presidency. Running Press. ISBN 9780762437429.
Harrison, Cynthia (1988), On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945–1968, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, "Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation", American Political Science Review, 103 (Nov. 2009)
Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Risen, Clay. The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act (2014) online
== Further reading ==
Brauer, Carl M., "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49 Journal of Southern History, February 1983.
Burstein, Paul (1985), Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Finley, Keith M. (2008), Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965, Baton Rouge: LSU Press.
Graham, Hugh (1990), The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972, New York: Oxford University Press.
Gregory, Raymond F. (2014). The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Loevy, Robert D. (1990), To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Loevy, Robert D. "The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964," in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed., The American Presidency (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411–419. online version
Mann, Robert (1996). The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights.
Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. "The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971," American Journal of Sociology, Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709–760
Revolution in Civil Rights. Congressional Quarterly Service. 1967. OCLC 894988538.
Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 151. (2003) online
Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987). Employment Law: Cases and Materials. Foundation Press.
Warren, Dan R. (2008), If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985), The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press.
Woods, Randall B. (2006), LBJ: Architect of American Ambition, New York: Free Press, ch 22.
Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards, Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination, Little, Brown and Company (1982).
== Other websites ==
Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
Civil Rights Act of 1964 as enacted (details) in the US Statutes at Large
Narrative: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Archived February 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – Provided by The Dirksen Center
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Provided by the Civil Rights Digital Library Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 2 (January 30, 1964 to February 10, 1964), Congressional Record House February 10 vote roll call pp. 2804–2805
110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 11 (June 17, 1964 to June 26, 1964), Congressional Record Senate June 19 vote roll call p. 14511
110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 12 (June 29, 1964 to July 21, 1964), Congressional Record House July 2 amendment vote roll call p. 15897
</wikipedia_requested_titles>
Given below is the article you have to analyze. Generate the JSON as per schema with relevant keyword summaries as per instructions.
strictly response in json formate.
<article>
LGBTQ issues
Human rights
See all topics
Facebook
Tweet
Email
Link
Link Copied!
Follow
An Iowa law removing gender identity as a protected class from the state’s civil rights code took effect Tuesday, the first action of its kind in the United States.
The new rollback of protections is the latest attack on trans people in the US and part of a broader movement across conservative-led states working to restrict LGBTQ rights.
GOP Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds signed the Republican-backed measure earlier this year, saying it “safeguards the rights of women and girls.” But advocates worry about what they call the dangerous, far-reaching consequences for the trans community in the absence of state legal protections.
“It’s really a dark moment in our history,” said Democratic Rep. Aime Wichtendahl, Iowa’s first openly transgender lawmaker. “Our government in the state of Iowa has been reducing rights across the board this past decade.”
Related article
WASHINGTON, DC - JUNE 7: Activists with the Gilbert Baker Foundation carry a 1,000-foot Rainbow Flag along the parade route during the WorldPride 2025 Celebrations on June 7, 2025 in Washington, DC. This year Washington, DC is the host city for the annual WorldPride, a global celebration of the LGBTQ community. 2025 marks the 50th Anniversary of Pride celebrations in Washington, DC. (Photo by Kent Nishimura/Getty Images)
Kent Nishimura/Getty Images
Pride Month marches on, despite frustration and worry from LGBTQ community over government actions
The new law marks the end to an 18-year legacy of civil rights protection for trans people in Iowa – a stark departure from the state’s history of inclusive gender policies.
“The fundamental fact is, we were freer 10 years ago than we are today,” Wichtendahl said.
While there are still federal and other anti-discrimination protections in place, President Donald Trump and conservative allies continue to take steps to chip away at trans rights since he returned to office.
What the new law changes
A state’s civil rights code safeguards people from discrimination, often based on characteristics like religion, race and, in many cases, sexual orientation, gender or gender identity.
Gender identity is no longer on the list of protected classes in Iowa.
Iowa’s new law also attempts to redefine gender as a synonym for biological sex, a shift that disregards contemporary medical and psychological understandings of gender identity.
Under the law, transgender people are barred from correcting their gender marker on birth certificates, so their identifying documentation will show the sex they were assigned at birth.
How does this impact transgender people?
Transgender and nonbinary people in Iowa now face increased legal uncertainty, experts say.
“This isn’t some nebulous law that won’t really impact people,” said Max Mowitz, the executive director of LGBTQ advocacy group One Iowa.
Without state civil rights protections, individuals who are fired, denied housing or refused medical treatment based on their gender identity have a narrower path to legal recourse.
“Folks would be able to discriminate against us if (we) were trying to get a hotel room, or go to a coffee shop, or even open a line of credit,” he said.
Having identifying documents with gender markers that don’t appear to match how a person is presenting themself could foster an uncomfortable, sometimes dangerous, situation for people who are forced to out themselves as trans to strangers.
Related article
A partially completed passport application, with an X gender marker, is seen on a computer monitor in Alexandria, Virginia, on April 11, 2022.
Stefani Reynolds/AFP/Getty Images/File
Judge says government can’t limit passport sex markers for many transgender, nonbinary people
As a trans Iowan, Mowitz said he’s been patted down by TSA because “something was on my driver’s license that didn’t look the way that they thought it should.”
Naomi Goldberg, executive director of the Movement Advancement Project, a nonprofit think tank providing resources to the LGBTQ community, said trans and nonbinary people will have a hard time going about daily life because of the new law.
It will also increase the already high risk of harassment and violence for trans Americans, Goldberg added.
Is this happening in other states?
More than a dozen states, mostly conservative, have never added gender identity as a protected class to their civil rights laws, according to data from the Movement Advancement Project.
Meanwhile, 31 states prohibit some form of discrimination against people based on their gender identity. And bills in those states have not moved to strike gender identity from their civil rights statutes, Goldberg said.
But protections for LGBTQ people vary greatly by state.
In Texas, the American Civil Liberties Union is currently tracking 88 bills it says are anti-LGBTQ that have been introduced during the 2025 legislative session — more than any other state. By contrast, the ACLU is tracking zero in Vermont.
Related article
Miss Nature performs at the Green Tree Inn in Florence, Arizona, on Friday, May 10, 2025.
Rebecca Noble for CNN
As a gay teen, his dad didn’t support him. Now the pair are bringing drag shows to rural towns
How does the law compare to federal action?
At the federal level, new legislation and lawsuits targeting trans people have increased across the US.
The Supreme Court could agree this week to hear arguments in the backlog of cases dealing with trans issues — putting transgender rights front and center for a second year in a row.
The high court handed conservative states a win this Pride Month when it upheld Tennessee’s ban on some medical treatments for transgender minors.
Related article
A transgender rights supporter takes part in a rally outside of the US Supreme Court as the high court hears arguments in a case on transgender health rights on December 4, 2024 in Washington, DC.
Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images
Supreme Court upholds Tennessee’s ban on gender-affirming care for trans youth
Trump, who campaigned on ending “transgender lunacy,” has taken steps to dismantle the Biden administration’s efforts to be more inclusive of Americans’ gender identification.
He has signed a flurry of executive orders targeting trans people — including declaring there are only two genders, banning transgender women from participating in most women’s sports, and barring transgender service members from serving in the military.
Trump earlier this year pushed Iowa to follow his lead from the orders and pass the bill to “remove Radical Gender Ideology from their Laws.”
But trans people just want politicians to allow them to live freely, said Wichtendahl, the Iowa lawmaker.
“The ability to live our lives and be treated equally under the law and rights and dignity, to not have the government be this pernicious voice dictating who we are every step of the way,” Wichtendahl said, “that’s all we’ve ever asked for.”
</article>