Given at the end is an article. Analyze it and output in the following JSON format.
{
"analysis": {
"bias": {
"score": "1-10, where 1-10 measures UNFAIR or UNHELPFUL bias.
As the AI analyst, you must judge:
1. Fairness of Bias:
- Is the tone/alarm proportional to events?
- Is criticism warranted by facts?
- Are similar actions judged equally?
2. Utility of Bias:
- Does the bias help readers understand real implications?
- Does it highlight genuine concerns that neutral language might minimize?
- Does it provide valuable context through its perspective?
Example: An article about climate change might use emotional language
and scary scenarios. While this is technically 'bias', it might be
USEFUL bias if it helps readers grasp real dangers that cold, neutral
language would understate.
A high bias score should only be given when bias is both unfair AND unhelpful.",
"description": "Explain both unfair and useful bias found. For each biased element:
1. Is it fair/warranted?
2. Does it serve a valuable purpose for readers?
3. Should it be removed or retained?"
},
"missing_context_misinformation": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"", # DIRECTLY provide essential context the reader needs without ANY phrases like "the article lacks/doesn't/fails to mention/omits" etc. Simply state the relevant facts. Each point up to 5 sentences as needed. Up to 10 points. NEVER refer to the article itself or what it's missing - just supply the information directly. The missing context should try to compensate for the bias in the article, and not just add related information.
]
},
"disinformation_lies": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"" # Provide corrections for verifiably false statement. These lines should be brief. Upto 10 points.
# Use Wikipedia (via the search tool) to verify events and dates up through 2025-07-06. Any event dated ≤ 2025-07-06 should not be marked as disinformation if it matches Wikipedia. Only flag statements you can not verify or that Wikipedia contradicts as of 2025-07-06.”
]
}
},
"summary": [], # A list of 2 to 5 paragraphs. Provide a version that: * Retains key facts and proportional concerns, * Removes unfair bias while keeping warranted criticism, * Adds critical missing context, * Corrects any inaccuracies. Remove author attribution. Maintain article's POV - no meta-references. You can decide the most appropriate length based on the article.summary can be longer than the article if needed.
"title": "Provide an Appropriate Title Based on the Article's Content.",
"changes_made": [
"List significant changes made in the summary",
"Include both removals and additions",
"Note bias adjustments"
],
"key_words": [
"3-10 relevant terms to help identify related articles",
"Focus on major themes and topics"
],
"keywords_update": {
"keyword-to-add-or-update": "new summary or updated to replace the previous"
}
}
KEYWORDS UPDATE INSTRUCTIONS:
- We want to save new information from beyond your knowledge cutoff of Mar 2024.
- Information can come from the provided article or Wikipedia.
- Pick up to 3 keywords of highest importance to update with new information.
- If a keyword lacks a summary, write one from scratch.
- For each keyword, list one line per new fact (up to 50 sentences per keyword).
- Each fact must:
1. Be one or two sentences long.
2. End with 1-3 references in brackets, e.g. [apnews], [nytimes,wikipedia].
3. Immediately after the reference(s), append a hyphen and the date of the event or when the fact was reported, in ISO format:
`Statement. [source] - [YYYY-MM-DD]`
- If you update an existing keyword's source (e.g. [foxnews] → [apnews]), ensure the replacement is supported by an article.
- Ensure each keyword is specific enough that its new facts warrant inclusion.
<example>
ARTICLE TOPIC
Raiding of 100+ immigrants allegedly illegal alients and alleged members from the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua, MS-13, and the Hells Angels for deportation. Authorities also found drugs at the underground nightclub at a strip mall in Colorado Springs. President Donald Trump praised the raid, saying on TruthSocial it had targeted some of the worst people in the US, whom he alleged judges are reluctant to deport.
keywords worth updating:
tren-de-aragua (I am sure this gang has a big list of information, but this deportation will be worth a mention)
tren-de-aragua+deportation (a more specific keyword that can take more detail about this incident)
trump+illegal_deportation (add this to the list of illegal deportations conducted by trump administration)
colorado_springs (this is a unique event for this town. an update here will add some trivia.)
trump+immigration (a key fact worth mentioning about how trump is implementation his immigration policies)
keywords to not update:
trump (too broad. not one of top 50 facts related to trump.)
illegal_deportation (depending upon existing content, may be too crowded for this incident to be added)
colorado (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
drug_raids (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
</example>
<existing_keywords_summaries>
peñico-archaeological-discovery :
caral-civilization-continuation :
peru-ancient-trading-networks :
dr-ruth-shady-research :
barranca-province-archaeology :
caral-climate-change-impact :
peru-ceremonial-artifacts :
ancient-americas-civilizations :
peru-archaeological-sites :
trading-hub-ancient-peru :
peñico-archaeological-discovery :
caral-civilization-continuation :
peru-ancient-trading-networks :
dr-ruth-shady-research :
barranca-province-archaeology :
peñico-archaeological-discovery :
caral-civilization-continuation :
peru-ancient-trading-networks :
dr-ruth-shady-research :
barranca-province-archaeology :
</existing_keywords_summaries>
<wikipedia_requested_titles>
TITLE Cradle of civilization
A cradle of civilization is a place where civilization emerged. There was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently. The Fertile Crescent (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia), Ancient Indus Valley, and Ancient China were the first. Whether there was influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is not known.
Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica emerged independently and later than those in Eurasia. They were mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico, in the north-central coastal region of Peru.
Civilization involves the use of writing, building cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture. The term cradle of civilization has been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic and Fertile Crescent, Ancient Indus Valley and Ancient China. It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia, the Levant and Iranian plateau, and used to refer to culture predecessors—such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western civilization.
== References ==
TITLE Ancient history
Ancient history is all the events we know about between the invention of writing and the start of the Middle Ages.
Writing is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after the Neolithic revolution in which people settled in small towns and started agriculture. Writing dates from about 3,300 BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East. The first people to use writing were the Sumerians and the Ancient Egyptians.
Before writing, the only things we have are the tools and monuments made by earlier people. This is studied by archaeology rather than history. The period of ancient history ends with the early Middle Ages.
== Study of ancient history ==
Finding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times: only scribes could write. Most of what they did write has been lost. There were very few copies made because there was no printing at that time. What people wrote they wrote by hand. More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost.
=== Archaeology ===
Archaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to learn about that time. Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons often exist at the same time. Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken, burnt or damaged.
Some ancient things found using archaeology are:
The Egyptian pyramids - Big tombs made by the Ancient Egyptians for their king and queens.
The city of Pompeii - A city from Ancient Rome. When a volcano (a mountain that makes fire and hot rocks) killed the people living there, the city was buried and the things inside it were covered with rock and ash. This meant that they did not change for a long time.
The Terracotta Army - the tomb of the First Qin Emperor in Ancient China.
=== Primary sources ===
Primary sources are written by people who lived in ancient times. They tell us most of what we know about ancient history. But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other. They may also be wrong.
Some famous people who wrote ancient history are:
Herodotus, Josephus, Livy, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, Thucydides and Sima Qian.
== Chronology ==
=== Prehistory ===
The human race evolved in Africa. Our species, Homo sapiens evolved about 200 to 250,000 years ago.
~90,000 years ago – people go to the Middle East.
~60,000 years ago – people from Africa go to Asia.
~40,000 years ago – people go to Australia.
~40,000 years ago – people go to Europe.
~14th to 10th millennium BC – people go to America.
~10th millennium BC – people start farming.
4th millennium BC – cuneiform writing in the cities of Uruk and Susa; and hieroglyphs (picture writing) in Egypt.
1000 years BC – earliest writing about history.
450 BC - Herodotus writes what may be the first book based on non-fictional events. It is still available today.
=== Older Ancient history ===
c. 3300 BC – Bronze Age start in the Near East and South Asia Bronze Age goes to the rest of Europe and The Middle East
c. 3100 BC – Sagol Kangjei, the proto-polo was invented in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
c. 3000 BC – Egyptians make papyrus (paper made of Reeds)
c. 2800 BC – Kot Diji time of the Indus Valley Civilization starts
c. 2700 BC – Elam grows.
2580 BC – Egyptians make the Great Pyramid of Giza
2000 BC – People use horses
1700 BC – Indus Valley Civilization ends but the Cemetery H culture keeps going; The start of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
1600 BC – The start of Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese make writing.
1600 BC – Hittite people start ruling The Middle East.
1500 BC – People make the Rigveda.
1445 BC – Monarchy started in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
1398 BC – The Wakoklon was written down.
1200 BC - The Bronze Age collapse.
1200 BC – The Hebrews come to Israel and start living there.
c. 1200 BC – The Trojan War
c. 1100 BC – King Saul makes the 12 tribes of Israel into Israel
c. 1180 BC – End of the Hittite Empire
1122 BC – The Zhou people stop the last king of Shang Dynasty from being king; Zhou Dynasty starts in China
1004 BC – King David captures Jebus. He calls it Jerusalem and makes it the capital of Israel.
=== 1000 BC to 100 BC ===
928 BC - Israel breaks and becomes The Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel
800 BC - City states in Ancient Greece
776 BC - People write about the Olympic Games. They were started before this time but people did not write about them.
c. 753 BC - Rome starts
751 BC - LeChe grows
745 BC - Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria. He will become powerful and make Assyria into an empire
728 BC - the Median Empire grows
722 BC - Zhou Dynasty becomes weaker; the time of the Hundred Schools of Thought begins.
653 BC - The first Persian state grows.
600 BC - Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") start.
c. 600 BC - Pandyan kingdom in South India
c. 563 BC - Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), is born as a prince of the Shakya tribe. The Shakya tribe ruled parts of Magadha.
549 BC - Mahavira is born
546 BC - Cyrus the Great makes The Persian Empire.
546 BC - Cyrus the Great defeats the Lydian kingdom
544 BC - Bimbisara makes Magadha powerful.
539 BC - the Babylonian Empire ends and Cyrus the Great frees the Jews.
525 BC - Cambyses II of Persia takes Egypt
c. 512 BC - Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia takes Easter Thrace, Macedonia, and Libya. The Persian Empire is the most powerful.
509 BC - The last King of Rome stops being king, The Roman Republic starts.
500 BC - Pingala uses zero and binary numbers.
490 BC - Greek city-states defeat the Persian attack at Battle of Marathon
424 BC - Nanda dynasty becomes powerful.
404 BC - End of Peloponnesian War.
403 BC - Warring States Period starts in China.
331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela
326 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus (Purushottama) in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
321 BC - Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha
323 BC - Alexander the Great dies.
273 BC - Ashoka the Great becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
250 BC - Parthia (Ashkâniân) becomes powerful.
232 BC - Emperor Ashoka the Great dies; the Mauryan Empire becomes weak.
230 BC - Satavahanas are in South India
221 BC - Qin Shi Huang is in China, end of Warring States Period; start of Emperors in China (this will end in 1912 AD)
202 BC - Han Dynasty starts in China,Qin Shi Huang dies; the Silk Road is made
202 BC - Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama
c. 200 BC - Chera dynasty in South India
185 BC - Sunga Empire starts
149 BC-146 BC - Third and last Punic War; Rome defeats Cathage.
146 BC - Rome takes Greece.
110 BC - First time the Chinese rule Vietnam: the Nanyue Kingdom.
c 100 BC - Chola Dynasty grows.
=== 100 BC to end of Roman Empire, 476 AD ===
49 BC - Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great make the Roman Civil War
44 BC - Marcus Brutus and others kill Julius Ceaser; The Roman Republic ends; The Roman Empire starts.
6 BC - Jesus of Nazareth is born
c. 1 BC - The Numit Kappa was written down.
9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
14 - Emperor Augustus (Octavian) dies, Tiberius becomes emperor.
33 - Emperor Nongda Lairen Pakhangba of Ningthouja dynasty ascended the throne of the Kangla.
117 - Trajan is The emperor of Rome. The Roman Empire is the most powerful.
200s - The Hindu Srivijaya Empire starts in the Malay Archipelago.
220 - The Han Dynasty ends in China.
226 - the Parthian Empire ends and the Sassanian Empire becomes powerful
238 - Shapur I of Persia defeats of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260).
285 - Emperor Diocletian breaks the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires
313 - Edict of Milan says that the Roman Empire would not make people worship a god.
335 - Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire
378 - Battle of Adrianople, the Germanic tribes defeat Roman army.
395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I makes people be Christian
410 - Alaric defeats Rome. No one has deafeated Rome after 390 BC
c. 455 - Skandagupta stops Indo-Hephthalite people attacking India.
476 - Romulus Augustus deposed as emperor of Rome,
== Some groups of people in ancient history ==
=== Europe ===
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Celts
Etruscans
Germanic tribes
Illyrians
Scythians
=== Middle East ===
Ancient Persia
Achaemenid Empire
Parthian Empire
Sassanid Empire
Seleucid Empire
Akkad
Assyria
Babylonia
Elam
Hebrews
Hittites
Kassites
Medes
Mitanni
Palestine
Phoenicians
Sumer
Urartu
=== Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa ===
Ancient Egypt
Kingdom of Aksum
Carthage
Kush
=== South and East Asia ===
Ancient China
Ancient India
Ancient Japan
Ancient Korea
Ancient Manipur
Ancient Moirang
Huns
Indus Valley civilization
Khuman kingdom
Mongols
Ancient Turks
Siam
=== America ===
Adena culture
Aztecs
Inca
Mayans
Mississippian culture
Native American
Olmecs
Poverty Point culture
== References ==
TITLE Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian 15th-century Inca site in Peru, in South America.
The Incas built the city on an Andes mountain ridge, 2430m above sea level. They lived there between 1200 and 1450 AD. Other people lived there before about 650 AD.
The Incas built houses, fields and temples by cutting the rock on the mountain so it was flat. They built some observatories to look at the stars.
When the Spanish invaded Peru, the Incas left Machu Picchu. Nobody knows for sure why they did that, but some think it was because of diseases from Europe (such as smallpox). The city was left unfinished, most likely due to the Spanish invasion and/or a civil war between the ruling rival Inca brothers named Huascar and Atahualpa. The Spanish never found Machu Picchu or the lost city during their occupation.
Machu Picchu is very difficult to get to because it is so high in the mountains. It has only one way in and a stone wall to protect it. Most people on Earth did not know it was there until a Yale graduate named Hiram Bingham rediscovered it in 1911. He heard rumors of a hidden city which was already known to the native Peruvians, who guided him there. He led a restoration project that was partly funded by the National Geographic Society. Bingham made a deal with the government to take artifacts to the Peabody Museum for study. Peru is still trying to have those artifacts returned to them.
Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.
Today, there is a new road so that tourists can visit. People can also walk along the Inca Trail, or take a train from Cusco.
== Facts ==
In the Quechua Indian language, “Machu Picchu” means “Old Peak” or “Old Mountain.”
Machu Picchu is made up of more than 150 buildings ranging from baths and houses to temples and sanctuaries
There are more than 100 separate flights of stairs. Most of the individual staircases were carved from one slab of stone
== Other websites ==
Official website of the Ministry of Culture of Peru
UNESCO – Machu Picchu (World Heritage)
Machu Picchu Multimedia Resources
Stories on Machu Picchu by Fernando Astete, former Chief of National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu
Plants and animals in Machu Picchu Archived 2023-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
Images
First photographs of Hiram Bingham in Machu Picchu
Archive of Fernando Astete, former Chief of the National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu
TITLE Huaycán
Huaycán is a town of Lima, Peru, located in Ate District. Huaycán is also a notable archaeological site.
It has a population of over 160,000 inhabitants.
== References ==
== Other websites ==
TITLE Antisemitism
Antisemitism is the bias, prejudice or discrimination against Jews. A synonym of antisemitism is Judeophobia, preferred by those considering "antisemitism" ambiguous.
== Overview ==
Human history has been full of antisemitism, the worst instance of which is the Holocaust, while the most common form of antisemitism is conspiracy theories. The adjective of antisemitism is antisemitic. Those with antisemitic views are called antisemites.
=== Recent trend ===
On January 14, 2025, American civil rights group Anti-Defamation League (ADL) announced the findings of their newest global survey (58,000 respondents) that 46% of the world's adult population (around 2,200,000,000 people) held deeply entrenched antisemitic views.
Among the respondents, 56% thought that Jews were "only loyal to Israel" while 46% "Jews had too much power over global affairs". 76% of those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are found to agree with 11 negative stereotypes of Jews, the highest of all regions. Meanwhile, Kuwait and Indonesia are found to have highest % of such.
Regarding the Holocaust, only 48% of the respondents recognized its historical accuracy, with the percentage being the lowest (39%) among the age group 18–34, contrary to the common academic leftist belief that the young is least likely to be racist.
== Etymology ==
American historian Deborah Lipstadt and several antisemitism experts said that the word antisemitism was invented by anti-Jewish German nationalist Wilhelm Marr in his tract Path to Victory of Germanism Over Judaism to refer to the prejudice against Jews, which he deemed necessary for the German race to stop Jews (the leading group of Semites in Europe back then) from subverting the German culture. Despite Semites including other Middle Eastern ethnic groups, German nationalists like Wilhelm Marr referred to Jews as Semites specifically.
Semantically, antisemitism cannot be assumed as the prejudice against all Semitic groups, or it would constitute the etymological fallacy (using a word's ancient meaning to make a point about its current meaning). Moreover, the word covers Jews who practice Judaism, Jews who converted to Christianity and those with traceable Jewish ancestry, all of whom can be victims of antisemitism.
=== Spelling ===
The term is spelled by some as anti-Semitism, but such spelling is controversial. Historians have pointed out that anti-Semitism is misleading as there is no such an ideology as "Semitism" that can be opposed, while the concept Semites derived from pseudoscientific 19th-century scientific racism.
== Lies about Jews ==
=== Ancient ===
Jews killed Jesus
Jews betrayed their prophets
Jews conspire against Christianity
=== Middle Ages ===
Jews take blood from Christian babies for rituals (blood libel)
Jews worship Satan
Jews poison wells to cause epidemics, including the 14th century Black Death
=== Modern ===
Jews control mass media
Jews control banks
Jews control governments around the world
Jews create wars and revolutions around the world
=== Contemporary ===
Jews are rootless cosmopolitans
Jews are fake European converts to Judaism descended from the Khazars
Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade
Jews created the AIDS and COVID-19
== Asia ==
== Europe ==
=== Before 20th century ===
=== 20th Century ===
==== The Holocaust ====
The Holocaust was a genocide committed by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 during World War II. It was known as the Final Solution. The Nazis' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to at least 6,000,000 Jews – 67% of European Jews back then. The planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism.
=== 21st century ===
In a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jews in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about moving countries as they felt unsafe. A 2023 ADL survey found that as many as one-third of Western Europeans believed in stereotypes of Jews. This was reportedly worse in some Eastern European countries, particularly Hungary (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).
In Eastern Europe, the level of antisemitism is found to be high. The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.
=== France ===
==== Classical antiquity ====
Jews have been living in France since the Roman times as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.
==== Middle Ages ====
Under the Germanic Frankish Merovingian dynasty between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants. A succession of ecumenical councils also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the shabbat over the unfounded fear that Judaism (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.
Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the rule of the House of Capet, when the King of France Robert the Pious attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian conversion. Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes. The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by the French Benedictine monk Rodulfus Glaber to spread rumors about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.
==== First Crusade ====
When the First Crusade happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France. The events were seen by some historians as a series of genocidal massacres. The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.
==== Deportations ====
Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy, during which dozens of Black Death-associated massacres of Jews happened.
==== Modern period ====
Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated. Voltaire (1694–1778), a famous French philosopher, held bias against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia. One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his Dictionnaire philosophique for Jewish readers:
Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of Enlightenment by Western leftists.
Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France. It was present across the political spectrum, with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience. On both sides of the spectrum, Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of loyalty or assimilation.
Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being regressive agents of capitalism exploiting the French proletariat. Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being subversive agents of communism undermining the traditional Catholic culture. Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.
Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: L'Anti-Juif, L'Anti-Sémitique, and Le Péril sociale. In 1886, French politician Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page tract La France juive ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between non-Jewish "Aryans" and Jewish "Semites". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.
The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive 1894 Dreyfus affair, when Alfred Dreyfus, an Alsatian Jewish artillery officer, was falsely convicted of treason, who was not vindicated until 1906.
==== World War II ====
On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and Vichy France – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators. Under Vichy France's leaders Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval, the Statut des Juifs ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German Nuremberg Laws – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.
Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to extermination camps, one of the worst instances of which was the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police. In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.
==== Post-war ====
Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of Holocaust denial and radical anti-Zionism. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "anarcho-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust, calling it a "distraction from class struggle playing into the hands of Zionism and Stalinism."
Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right, who have trivialized the Holocaust by comparing the Holocaust to the Judean massacres of the Canaanites or the Native American genocide, and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to extort compensations from European countries.
A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara, Maurice Bardèche, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.
Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France, with Jews and synagogues regularly attacked. A report by Tel Aviv University and the Anti-Defamation League found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following 7 October 2023. According to the Statista, 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in Paris.
One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being gang-raped by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats. Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear keffiyehs in order to stay safe.
=== Germany ===
==== 20th century ====
==== 21st century ====
A 2017 Bielefeld University's research reported that those identified with the far left and far right committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic hate crimes, with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background. The research was agreed by Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, which said that certain Islamist groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's peaceful and tolerant society. In a follow-up EU research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by Islamic extremists, 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.
On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the Hamas-led October 7 massacre which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with molotov cocktails by two masked men. Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic hate crimes in the months following the October 7 massacre.
On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin undergraduate beat a Jewish classmate to the point of hospitalization following an argument over the Israel–Hamas war. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering facial fractures. The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli athletics coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the 1972 Munich massacre.
In May 2024, some Jewish parents from suburban Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in Mitte, many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin. In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after being heard speaking Hebrew. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.
On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police. On 7 October 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn from their spots. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7 massacre.
In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in Frankfurt has reportedly become a target of a hate campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be shot…You should die…Your whole f***ing Israel…" The victim reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her harassers being fined for €300. Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers, with little to no condemnation from other left-wing activists.
==== Responses ====
In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023, an 80% rise as compared to 2022, most of which happened following the October 7 massacre. In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."
On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, question Israel's right to exist, call for a boycott of Israel or actively support the BDS movement." The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from MPs of left-wing populist parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).
Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019 and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024. On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution". In its report, it stated:
[t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.
=== Ireland ===
==== Overview ====
Ireland has been predominantly Catholic throughout history. Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.
==== Modern period ====
Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews (1478–1834), killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the false charge of "crypto-Judaism", a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted to Christianity under Catholic Spanish rule.
==== 20th century ====
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the United Kingdom, which was fighting Nazi Germany.
In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public. Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being owned by "Jews and Freemasons".
Declassified MI5 documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany. They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification". Russell told a Nazi official:
Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the Nuremberg Trials:
Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:
After Hitler's death on April 30, 1945, Éamon de Valera, the Prime Minister of Ireland, mourned his death. De Valera also denied reports of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as "anti-national propaganda", reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.
==== 21st century ====
Since 2013, a baseless theory, which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in 17th century North America before the arrival of African slaves, has been made popular by Neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers in both Ireland and the United States. The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves myth". The myth reportedly originated from the book To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000) and published by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.
The myth has been widely condemned by scholars as a far-right conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of African Americans in history, who were enslaved until 1865, segregated until 1965 and systemically discriminated against until now. Despite To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.
In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the escalation of the Israel–Hamas war, where antisemites felt justified to harass Jews under the guise of supporting Palestine, and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe for the approximately 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that
the Jews "killed Jesus"
Israel was "uniquely aggressive"
Judaism "believed that violence and war are necessary"
the Auschwitz was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an extermination camp
were widely circulated in Irish schools and shaping children's mind. The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress (EJC). Meanwhile, the Government of Ireland has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.
==== Critique ====
David Collier, an Irish researcher in Middle East affairs, noted that antisemitism among contemporary Irish is derived from
Religious antisemitism: Classic Christian belief that "Christians are the new Jews" as "the Jews killed Jesus"
Political antisemitism:
Popularity of the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party whose founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews
Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the British settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.
=== Poland ===
=== Portugal ===
=== Romania ===
==== Holocaust denial under communism (1947–1989) ====
Under Nicolae Ceaușescu's communist rule, Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially denied. It was blamed on the Germans and Hungarians. Romanians were taught about the "heroic anti-fascist resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the Allies. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the secret police of Nicolae Ceaușescu and to help him oppress Romanians.
Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in lies about Jews, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and defined Jew as a "money-changer" and an "extortionist" in an official English–Romanian dictionary.
==== Holocaust denial in post-communist age (1989 – ) ====
Since the fall of Ceaușescu's communist regime, a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "holy war against Bolshevism." Acts of Holocaust denial by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the Poles, Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.
An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer Elie Wiesel, identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania, a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.
In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR. Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.
=== Slovakia ===
=== Slovenia ===
=== Spain ===
==== Middle Ages ====
The 7th century saw the Catholic Visgothic demanding Jews to convert or leave, followed by the 12th-century Almohad Caliphate ordering Jews to convert or be killed, which drove the notable Jewish philosopher Maimonides into exile. Under Henry III of Castile and León (1390–1406), Jews had to pick either baptism or death in the reconquered Iberia.
==== Modern period ====
From 1478 to 1834, the Catholic Spanish Empire unleashed a systematic campaign of persecution of Jews, historically known as the Spanish Inquisition, due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (conversos) were mostly faking as Christians, including those forcibly converted following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.
As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the false charge of "crypto-Judaism", a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted. Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as racially motivated, serving as a turning point in the transition of anti-Judaism into antisemitism.
Between 1939 and 1975, antisemitic conspiracy theories formed the main theme of Francoist propaganda, especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust. Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and strata of that race [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the more common false claim.
==== 21st century ====
For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition. Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.
In 2023, an ADL poll found that 26% of Spain's population held antisemitic beliefs,
followed by Belgium (24%), France (17%), Germany (12%) and the UK (10%).
In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month. In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.
=== Armenia ===
==== Overview ====
58% of the population of Armenia (a Caucassian country allied with Russia, China, Iran and Syria under Bashar al-Assad who killed over 400,000 Syrians) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country. Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian nationalist who recruited thousands of Armenians to fight for Nazi Germany, is still popular among Armenians.
==== 20th century ====
From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the Hairenik, fully backed Adolf Hitler and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by demonizing Jews as "poisonous elements", while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers hunted for Jews and other "undesirables" on behalf of the Nazi German army.
==== 21st century ====
Despite such history, hundreds of statues have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh. Meanwhile, the only synagogue in Armenia's capital Yerevan was attacked four times in a row between 7 October 2023 and 11 June 2024. Members of the Marxist-Leninist militant front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being set on fire.
== Latin America ==
Since 7 October 2023, a spike in harassment and violence against Jews has also been recorded across Latin America. According to the Latin American Jewish Congress, 91% of community leaders from several Latin American countries reported that antisemitism had increased since 7 October 2023.
Hispan TV, the Spanish channel of the antisemitic Iranian regime's state television Press TV, has reportedly contributed to antisemitism among its 600 million audience in Latin America by promoting the
Holocaust denial
myth of Jews controlling the Hollywood and governments
perception of the antisemitic Iranian regime being the "leader of global resistance movements"
== MENA ==
=== Background ===
Jews started living in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century BC, when Babylonian Empire's conquest of the Kingdom of Judah forced Jews out of Judea. Successive waves of Jewish exiles – caused by alternating conquests of Judea – made Jews the leading ethnoreligious group in the Arabian Peninsula, where Judaism stood in contrast to the multi-god religion of ancient Arabs, many of whom had arrived later than the Jews due to their nomadic nature.
=== Middle Ages ===
Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims conquered the Peninsula, when they, along with other conquered indigenous peoples, were required to pay jizya in exchange for their existence to be tolerated. The payment of jizya granted Jews the status of dhimmi under which they were prohibited – under the threat of execution – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing Jewish ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman. Jews were also not allowed to
drink wine in public
ride horses or camels
pray or mourn in loud voices
build synagogues taller than mosques
construct houses taller than Muslim houses
=== 21st century ===
==== 2010s ====
Antisemitism is extremely common in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In 2011, the Pew Research Center polled a significant number of Middle Eastern countries' citizens, where Muslims are the majority. Most of the interviewees were hostile to Jews. Only 2% of Egyptians, 3% of Lebanese Muslims and 2% of Jordanians reported feeling good about Jews. Some scholars believe that mass media have played a significant role in such phenomenon. Further data are presented as follows.
== Sub-Saharan Africa ==
The % of South Africa's population holding biases against Jews rose to 47% in 2019 from 38% in 2014. Since the Israel–Hamas war started on 7 October 2023, there has been an upsurge in harassment and violence against Jews in South Africa. Between 7 October and 31 December 2023, attacks on Jews rose by 631% in South Africa as compared to the same period in 2022.
== United States ==
=== 2010s ===
A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans were hostile to Jews. Since the October 7 massacre, antisemitism has surged in America and Europe, especially on college campuses. Such antisemitism has caused thousands of Jewish students to get attacked over their identity.
=== 2020s ===
In August 2024, the advocacy group Combat Antisemitism Movement did a poll which found that around 3,500,000 American Jews had faced antisemitism since the October 7 massacre in 2023. 1,075 American Jews were asked, 28% of whom said that they, often, were told that "Jews care too much about money," 25% were told that "Jews control the world" and 13% were told that "the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated." Meanwhile, the FBI released crime statistics illustrating that antisemitic incidents constituted 68% of all religion-based hate crimes in 2023, a 63% rise compared to 2022.
A follow-up research between May and October 2024 found that American Jews faced rising discrimination in job search, with American Jews having to make 24% more applications to receive the same amount of favorable first responses as Western European Americans, while Israeli Americans having to make 39% more applications to receive the same amount of such.
In December 2024, the University of Michigan fired its DEI director for making antisemitic remarks, including "the university is controlled by wealthy Jews" and "we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged..." according to documents obtained by the CNN. Meanwhile, DEI training in American academia and healthcare settings has also been criticized by scholars and officials for encouraging antisemitism by instilling into students a binary worldview that misclassifies Jews as "White oppressors", despite Jews being the most oppressed people in history who suffered 68% of religion-based hate crimes in America in 2023.
=== Select antisemitic incidents in the U.S. ===
== Internet ==
Antisemitism is common on the most visited websites worldwide, including Wikipedia, Reddit and Instagram. On January 23, 2025, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance said in a press release that a UNESCO study found 16% of all Holocaust-related content across social media to be denying or distorting. On January 27, 2025, the 80th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, Cloudfare said that they had stopped over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust education websites, noting that the cyberthreats were associated with "a troubling resurgence of antisemitism [...] spilled into the digital realm".
=== Wikipedia ===
==== Croatian Wikipedia ====
Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted Holocaust denial by censoring the war crimes of the pro-Nazi Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.
Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia. The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the Jasenovac concentration camp, in which 77,000–99,000 were killed, as a "collection camp". Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, advocacy groups and media critics.
Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with 80 sockpuppet accounts.
==== English Wikipedia ====
The English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals in thousands of WWII-related articles. For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior SS official who invented mobile gas chambers to kill Jews, was portrayed as a savior of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite, while false claims of Nazi war criminals "opposing" Hitler were made. SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in passive voice to make their atrocities look normal.
Those who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from Holocaust-denying sources (e.g. Journal of Historical Review, Nation Europa and Franz Kurowski) misrepresented them as academic consensus and gamed the rules to prevent the removal of such content. The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention, which mainstreamed Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the Holocaust's historical truth. German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,
The English Wikipedia pages are far more sympathetic towards the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS than the German ones [. ...] Wikipedia and Amazon are the worst distributors of pro-Nazi perspectives and the ["clean"] Wehrmacht myth.
In 2023, Holocaust historians Prof. Jan Grabowski and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust in The Journal of Holocaust Research wherein they reported to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia, which involved the exaggeration of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers, invention of Jewish "atrocities" against Poles, downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and blaming Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust:
Four distortions dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in World War II; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; antisemitic tropes insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews controlled or still control Poland, and that Jews bear responsibility for their own persecution.
Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and the Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle, leaving the site vulnerable to disinformation:
Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and antisemitic canards.
On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,
As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity.
Some misconceptions about the Holocaust in Poland are summarized as follows:
In 2024, independent journalists uncovered a large-scale off-site canvassing campaign to rewrite Jewish history and reshape the narrative surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, which involved 40 accounts having made as many as 2,000,000 edits to around 10,000 Jewish-related articles.
The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member Tech for Palestine Discord channel, where the organizers provided the participants in-depth training (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats) on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation and gaming the rules to block others from correcting them.
Reported examples of their revisionist edits include
On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors had been site-banned indefinitely for off-site canvassing and "encouraging other users to game the extended confirmed restriction and engage in disruptive editing." Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons. On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign. ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt commented,
[I]t is now imperative for Wikipedia to [...] undo the harm caused by these rogue but prolific editors who [...] wreaked havoc across the platform [. ...] a systemic problem [...] that needs immediate action.
=== Reddit ===
On February 20, 2025, an independent journalist announced his findings that over 110 subreddits were controlled by around 30 users who took advantage of the forum's loopholes to systematically distribute antisemitic disinformation for terrorist groups. The methods involved "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation".
Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include r/Documentaries (20M members), r/therewasanattempt (7.2M), r/PublicFreakout (4.7M), r/Fauxmoi (4.3M), r/MorbidReality (1.1M), r/ToiletPaperUSA (440K), r/Thatsactuallyverycool (277K), r/Palestine (270K), r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM (184K) and r/boringdystopia (94K), from which misinformation was funnelled to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion, while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored. In particular, the journalist noted:
The central locus of the network is a 270,000-member subreddit called /Palestine. A Discord server with the same name [...] identifying “comments sections that need more pro Palestinian commentary,” mass upvoting of anti-Israel posts, and downvoting of pro-Israel posts (a practice known as “vote brigading”). The Discord has separate task forces for Quora, TikTok, Instagram, X, and Wikipedia.
=== Instagram ===
Antisemitism is also common on Instagram. Some celebrities, including Israeli Jewish actresses Gal Gadot and Noa Cohen, are also victims, who have to restrict commenting on their Instagram profiles to reduce antisemitic harassment from purported pro-Palestinian groups.
== Related pages ==
Khazar myth
Antiziganism
Historical revisionism
Anti-Judaism and antisemitism
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
== Footnotes ==
== References ==
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Archaeologists have announced the discovery of an ancient city in Peru's northern Barranca province. The 3,500-year-old city, named Peñico, is believed to have served as a key trading hub connecting early Pacific coast communities with those living in the Andes mountains and Amazon basin. Located some 200km north of Lima, the site lies about 600 metres (1,970 feet) above sea level and is thought to have been founded between 1,800 and 1,500 BC - around the same time that early civilisations were flourishing in the Middle East and Asia. Researchers say the discovery sheds light on what became of the Americas' oldest civilisation, the Caral. Drone footage released by researchers shows a circular structure on a hillside terrace at the city's centre, surrounded by the remains of stone and mud buildings. Eight years of research at the site unearthed 18 structures, including ceremonial temples and residential complexes. In buildings at the site, researchers discovered ceremonial objects, clay sculptures of human and animal figures and necklaces made from beads and seashells. Peñico is situated close to where Caral, recognised as the oldest known civilisation in the Americas, was established 5,000 years ago at around 3,000 BC in the Supe valley of Peru. Caral features 32 monuments, including large pyramid structures, sophisticated irrigation agriculture and urban settlements. It is believed to have developed in isolation to other comparative early civilisations in India, Egypt, Sumeria and China. Dr Ruth Shady, the archaeologist who led the recent research into Peñico and the excavation of Caral in the 1990s, said that the discovery was important for understanding what became of the Caral civilisation after it was decimated by climate change. The Peñico community was "situated in a strategic location for trade, for exchange with societies from the coast, the highlands and the jungle", Dr Shady told the Reuters news agency. At a news conference unveiling the findings on Thursday, archaeologist Marco Machacuay, a researcher with the Ministry of Culture, said that Peñico's significance lies in it being a continuation of the Caral society. Peru is home to many of the Americas' most significant archaeological discoveries, including the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Andes and the mysterious Nazca Lines etched into the desert along the central coast.
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