Given at the end is an article. Analyze it and output in the following JSON format.
{
"analysis": {
"bias": {
"score": "1-10, where 1-10 measures UNFAIR or UNHELPFUL bias.
As the AI analyst, you must judge:
1. Fairness of Bias:
- Is the tone/alarm proportional to events?
- Is criticism warranted by facts?
- Are similar actions judged equally?
2. Utility of Bias:
- Does the bias help readers understand real implications?
- Does it highlight genuine concerns that neutral language might minimize?
- Does it provide valuable context through its perspective?
Example: An article about climate change might use emotional language
and scary scenarios. While this is technically 'bias', it might be
USEFUL bias if it helps readers grasp real dangers that cold, neutral
language would understate.
A high bias score should only be given when bias is both unfair AND unhelpful.",
"description": "Explain both unfair and useful bias found. For each biased element:
1. Is it fair/warranted?
2. Does it serve a valuable purpose for readers?
3. Should it be removed or retained?"
},
"missing_context_misinformation": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"", # DIRECTLY provide essential context the reader needs without ANY phrases like "the article lacks/doesn't/fails to mention/omits" etc. Simply state the relevant facts. Each point up to 5 sentences as needed. Up to 10 points. NEVER refer to the article itself or what it's missing - just supply the information directly. The missing context should try to compensate for the bias in the article, and not just add related information.
]
},
"disinformation_lies": {
"score": "1-10",
"points": [
"" # Provide corrections for verifiably false statement. These lines should be brief. Upto 10 points.
# Use Wikipedia (via the search tool) to verify events and dates up through 2025-07-06. Any event dated ≤ 2025-07-06 should not be marked as disinformation if it matches Wikipedia. Only flag statements you can not verify or that Wikipedia contradicts as of 2025-07-06.”
]
}
},
"summary": [], # A list of 2 to 5 paragraphs. Provide a version that: * Retains key facts and proportional concerns, * Removes unfair bias while keeping warranted criticism, * Adds critical missing context, * Corrects any inaccuracies. Remove author attribution. Maintain article's POV - no meta-references. You can decide the most appropriate length based on the article.summary can be longer than the article if needed.
"title": "Provide an Appropriate Title Based on the Article's Content.",
"changes_made": [
"List significant changes made in the summary",
"Include both removals and additions",
"Note bias adjustments"
],
"key_words": [
"3-10 relevant terms to help identify related articles",
"Focus on major themes and topics"
],
"keywords_update": {
"keyword-to-add-or-update": "new summary or updated to replace the previous"
}
}
KEYWORDS UPDATE INSTRUCTIONS:
- We want to save new information from beyond your knowledge cutoff of Mar 2024.
- Information can come from the provided article or Wikipedia.
- Pick up to 3 keywords of highest importance to update with new information.
- If a keyword lacks a summary, write one from scratch.
- For each keyword, list one line per new fact (up to 50 sentences per keyword).
- Each fact must:
1. Be one or two sentences long.
2. End with 1-3 references in brackets, e.g. [apnews], [nytimes,wikipedia].
3. Immediately after the reference(s), append a hyphen and the date of the event or when the fact was reported, in ISO format:
`Statement. [source] - [YYYY-MM-DD]`
- If you update an existing keyword's source (e.g. [foxnews] → [apnews]), ensure the replacement is supported by an article.
- Ensure each keyword is specific enough that its new facts warrant inclusion.
<example>
ARTICLE TOPIC
Raiding of 100+ immigrants allegedly illegal alients and alleged members from the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua, MS-13, and the Hells Angels for deportation. Authorities also found drugs at the underground nightclub at a strip mall in Colorado Springs. President Donald Trump praised the raid, saying on TruthSocial it had targeted some of the worst people in the US, whom he alleged judges are reluctant to deport.
keywords worth updating:
tren-de-aragua (I am sure this gang has a big list of information, but this deportation will be worth a mention)
tren-de-aragua+deportation (a more specific keyword that can take more detail about this incident)
trump+illegal_deportation (add this to the list of illegal deportations conducted by trump administration)
colorado_springs (this is a unique event for this town. an update here will add some trivia.)
trump+immigration (a key fact worth mentioning about how trump is implementation his immigration policies)
keywords to not update:
trump (too broad. not one of top 50 facts related to trump.)
illegal_deportation (depending upon existing content, may be too crowded for this incident to be added)
colorado (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
drug_raids (too broad, unlikely to fit this event in top 50)
</example>
<existing_keywords_summaries>
trump+tariffs : Recent surveys indicate that President Trump's tariff policies have led to increased economic uncertainty and inflation, affecting businesses and consumers across the United States. [CNN] - 2023-10-04
retail-sales+consumer-spending : Retail sales surged earlier in the year as consumers rushed to purchase goods before tariff-related price hikes, but this trend is now slowing down. [CNN] - 2023-10-04
us-china-trade-war : China's commerce ministry called on the US to completely cancel reciprocal tariffs that have brought total levies to 145% on Chinese goods. [article] - 2025-06-17. China characterized US tariff exemptions on consumer electronics as only a 'small step' in correcting wrong tariff policies. [article] - 2025-06-17. The 145% US tariff rate includes baseline tariffs raised after April 9, 2025, plus a 20% fentanyl-related tariff previously imposed on China. [wikipedia] - 2025-04-10. Both countries agreed in May 2025 to temporarily reduce tariffs for 90 days, bringing Chinese tariffs down to 30% and US goods tariffs to 10%. [wikipedia] - 2025-05-12.
trump+china-tariffs : In his second presidency, Trump escalated tariffs on Chinese goods to 145%, nearly six times higher than the 25% peak during his first term. [wikipedia] - 2025-01-20. The administration exempted consumer electronics from tariffs while maintaining the high rates on other Chinese imports. [wikipedia] - 2025-01-20. China's commerce ministry called the tariffs a 'wrong practice' and demanded their complete cancellation. [article] - 2025-01-20.
us-china-trade-tensions : The current US tariff of 145% and China's retaliatory 125% levy have created serious concerns among businesses engaged in bilateral trade about securing future orders and long-term operational sustainability. [trade report] - 2025-01-26. Experts warn that the longstanding trade relationship forming the backbone of US-China economic ties may be at risk of falling apart due to persistent tensions. [expert analysis] - 2025-01-26. The trade tensions represent a continuation and escalation of the trade war that began during Trump's first presidency in 2018, originally aimed at addressing US concerns about Chinese trade practices. [trade analysis] - 2025-01-26.
tariff-inflation-impact : Government inflation reports have shown only modest price pressures since the 145% China tariffs were implemented in April 2025, with core consumer inflation measures remaining stable. [cnbc] - 2025-07-01. Producer prices rose less than expected in May 2025 despite the dramatic tariff escalation on Chinese goods. [cnbc] - 2025-07-01. Some analysts suggest delayed effects may still occur as companies exhaust pre-tariff inventories, while others point to large retailers' unique ability to absorb short-term cost increases. [cnbc] - 2025-07-01.
tesla-stock-performance : Tesla shares dropped 6% to $298.50 following escalation of the Trump-Musk feud over Republican spending legislation. [cbsnews] - 2025-07-01. Tesla stock has fallen approximately 21% year-to-date amid investor concerns about Musk's political involvement and divided attention between multiple ventures. [cbsnews] - 2025-07-01. Investors are worried about potential increased scrutiny of Musk-related government spending under the Trump administration. [cbsnews] - 2025-07-01.
trump-july4-deadline : President Trump is pushing to pass Republicans' massive tax and safety-net reform bill by Friday, July 4, in time for a celebration on the 250th anniversary of American independence. [article] - 2025-07-02. Trump has urged lawmakers to 'GET IT DONE' by July 4, but faces resistance from House Republican holdouts who question the rushed timeline. [article] - 2025-07-02. The symbolic July 4 deadline represents Trump's desire to showcase a major legislative achievement on this historically significant date. [article] - 2025-07-02.
federal-reserve+beige-book : The Federal Reserve's Beige Book report highlights the significant impact of tariffs and economic uncertainty on various sectors, with 'tariffs' and 'uncertainty' mentioned frequently. [CNN] - 2023-10-04
reciprocal-tariffs :
trump+liberation-day-tariffs :
trump+tariff-deadlines :
global-markets+tariff-uncertainty :
dollar-index+tariff-impact :
fed-policy+tariff-inflation :
trump+tariff-deadlines :
global-markets+tariff-uncertainty :
dollar-index+tariff-impact :
fed-policy+tariff-inflation :
trump+liberation-day-tariffs :
</existing_keywords_summaries>
<wikipedia_requested_titles>
TITLE Tariffs in the second Trump administration
President Donald Trump announced a series of steep tariffs on nearly all goods imported to the US. On April 2, 2025, Trump signed an executive order imposing a minimum 10% tariff on all US imports with elevated tariffs on 57 nations and limited exceptions. The general tariffs took effect on April 5.
Trump escalated (or stepped up) an ongoing trade war with China; Baseline tariffs on Chinese imports, were raised to an effective 145% after April 9, 2025. He also (started or) initiated a new trade war with Canada and Mexico (see Second presidency of Donald Trump), by imposing a 25% tariff on most goods from the countries; However, he later (gave or) granted indefinite exemptions for goods compliant with the USMCA (in use since 2020). He later (had put in place or) imposed a 25% tariff on imported steel, aluminum, and automotive products from all countries.
The "tariff on steel [... will become ]50 percent", from the first week of June.
Aftermath: The 2025 stock market crash happened in April. Trump is calling April 2, 2025, "Liberation Day".
Exceptions: U.S. authorities said (April 11), that there will be no tariffs on smart phones, laptop computers, hard disks, computer processors, and memory chips.
Reactions: [U.S. politicians or] "Democrats call for insider trading investigation", according to media.
== Countries ==
In Asia
China. On May 12, officials from the US and China agreed to bring the tariffs down for 90 days. Those tariffs were taken down to 30% (on Chinese things) and (to) 10% on things from the U.S. However, further further negotiations and discussions are being done. Earlier (April), tariffs jumped to "125% ... . But that comes on top of a 20% fentanyl-related tariff that Trump previously [had put in place, on Chinese goods, or] imposed on China", according to media (on April 10). Earlier (April 9), media said that tariffs will "climb to 125 percent".
India. 27% "reciprocal tariff" for Indian goods; That tariff was applied on April 2.
Japan. Negotiations about trade are ongoing (as of 2025's second quarter); The "US President [... said in May, that there now is] a partnership between United States Steel Corp and Nippon Steel Corp of Japan.
Philippines, 17% tariff (as of 2025's second quarter)
Thailand, 36% tariff (as of 2025's second quarter). No trade deal has been made (as of July 5). Furthermore, "Thailand is (May 2025) in big ... trouble [... with the U.S. government] over the Uyghur deportation [from Thailand to China,] in February and the [... case] of Paul Chambers, an American academic", according to media; Furthermore, "these two issues come up before [the issue of] tariffs". Earlier (April 2025), Thaksin Shinawatra claimed that negotiations about lowering tariffs, have stopped, and "they [the US] are now acting on information [...] about lawsuits against a number of American citizens". Trade talks "had been scheduled for April 23 in" the United States; The talks did not happen, because of a postponement.
Vietnam, "the US will charge 20% tariffs", media said (July 4); Furthermore, there will be "no tariffs on US products".
In Europe:
Ukraine; There is "[10 percent tariff or] blanket 10 percent tariffs on ... Ukraine" (as of April 10), according to a U.S. senator; Earlier (April 9), a law was suggested to the U.S. senate, that would take away that tariff; The law proposal is called Supporting American Allies Act.
EU countries: Tariffs will be paused until July 9, according to the U.S. president; Negotiations are supposed to happen. Earlier (and as of April 10), "Some of the EU’s import duties of between 10% and 25% will [be in place, or] come into force on April 15, with others taking effect in May and the remainder in December", according to media (April 10). A proposal for a "straight 50% Tariff on the European Union" (from June 1), came from the U.S. president (May 23).
Norway. 15% tariff (as of April 8); However, the U.S. government made changes (April 9), but media is not sure if those changes, deal with Norwegian goods.
In the Middle East:
Israel; There is "[10 percent tariff or] blanket 10 percent tariffs on ... Israel" (as of April 10), according to a U.S. senator; Earlier (April 9), a law was suggested to the U.S. senate, that would take away that tariff; The law proposal is called Supporting American Allies Act.
== References ==
TITLE Second presidency of Donald Trump
The second presidency of Donald Trump as the 47th president of the United States began with his second inauguration on January 20, 2025. Trump, who previously served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021, took office following his victory over Democratic vice president Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election.
On his first day in office, Trump pardoned about 1,500 people found guilty of offenses in the January 6, 2021 Capitol attack. At the beginning of his term, he signed many executive orders, some of which are being challenged in court. He took a firm stance against illegal immigration and tried to send people to prisons in other countries. He signed the Laken Riley Act as the first law of his term. Trump established the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) to cut government spending. DOGE has fired many government workers.
Trump, like in his first term, withdrew the United States from the World Health Organization and the Paris Climate Agreement. He started a trade war with Canada and Mexico and continued the ongoing trade war with China. His high tariffs lead to a brief stock market crash. The Trump administration has struggled in dealing with Ukraine and Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Trump has said that he wants to take over Canada, Greenland, the Gaza Strip, and the Panama Canal.
Many of Trump's actions are said to have broken laws and the U.S. Constitution. For example, Trump signed an order to end birthright citizenship, which is in the Constitution. This action and many others have been challenged and blocked by courts.
Trump is the first criminal and felon to become president. He is also the oldest person to become president at 78 years and 220 days. He is the second president in U.S. history to serve nonconsecutive (not back-to-back) terms, after Grover Cleveland.
== Background ==
=== 2024 election ===
On November 6, 2024, Trump won the 2024 U.S. presidential election. He beat incumbent Vice President Kamala Harris. He is the second president to serve two nonconsecutive terms after Grover Cleveland. Trump is also the oldest person to become president. Trump also became the first criminal to become president due to his conviction on May 30, 2024.
=== Transition Period ===
Trump has used the time before he becomes president to prepare. He has chosen Susan Wiles to be his White House Chief of Staff. Wiles is the leader of Trump's 2024 campaign. Trump has also chosen Stephen Miller to be White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy. Miller served in Trump's first administration as a speechwriter.
For his cabinet, Trump has made several choices. He has notably nominated Marco Rubio to be Secretary of State and Matt Gaetz to be Attorney General. Trump has nominated over half of his cabinet secretaries.
== Administration ==
=== Cabinet ===
Trump's cabinet choices were described by news media as valuing personal loyalty over relevant experience, and for having a range of conflicting ideologies and "eclectic personalities". It was also described as the wealthiest administration in modern history, with over 13 billionaires chosen to take government posts. Trump officials and Elon Musk threatened to fund primary challengers in upcoming elections against Republican Senators who did not vote for Trump's nominees.
== A law proposal, One Big Beautiful Bill Act ==
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act became a law, on July 4, 2025.
Earlier (July 3) the U.S. Congress had voted "yes", in regard to the law proposal, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act; The U.S. president is expected to give his signature on July 4, so that the proposal becomes (a) law.
Earlier on July 3, filibustering (filibuster) [was delaying or] standing in the way of a vote: Filibustering [was] going on for [about] six hours.
A "tax-and-spending megabill" is what some people think about the bill .
== Notes ==
== References ==
TITLE China–United States trade war
An economic conflict between China and the United States has been ongoing since January 2018, when U.S. president Donald Trump began adding tariffs and other trade barriers on China with the goal of forcing it to make changes to what the U.S. says are "unfair trade practices" and intellectual property theft.
== Trade war ==
The first Trump administration said that these practices may add to the U.S.–China trade deficit, and that the Chinese government needed transfer of American technology to China. In response to US trade measures, the Chinese government accused the Trump administration of supporting nationalist protectionism. After the trade war escalated through 2019, in January 2020 the two sides reached an agreement. By the end of Trump's first presidency, the trade war was widely seen as a failure for the United States.
The Joe Biden administration kept the tariffs in place, but made adjustments on Chinese goods such as electric vehicles and solar panels.
In 2024, the Trump presidential campaign proposed a 60 percent tariff on Chinese goods. On 1 February 2025, President Trump increased tariffs on China by 10 percent with China responding to retaliatory tariffs.
== References ==
TITLE Thailand
Thailand ( TY-land or TY-lənd; Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] (listen)), is a country in Southeast Asia. Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Its name was Siam until June 1939 and between 1945 and May 11 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the center of Thailand.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It has a king as a head of state, king Vajiralongkorn.
Most people there (95 percent) follow the philosophy called Buddhism. Smaller number of people (4.4%), mostly to the south, follow Islam. Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.
There is an acting prime minister (as of July 2025); Paetongtarn Shinawatra is suspended.
== History ==
A Buddhist kingdom named Sukhothai was founded here in 1238.
A century later, a bigger kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared south of Sukhothai. Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom.
A soldier of Chinese origin then founded a new capital city at Thonburi, and became King Tāksin.
The founding of Bangkok as the capital city, was the start of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932). It was founded by King Rama I of the Chakri Dynasty.
Before 1932, Thailand was an absolute monarchy. On June 24, 1932, a group of people did a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy. It was not until 1973 that Thai people voted for a Prime Minister in an election.
In 1951, there was a failed coup - the Manhattan Rebellion. On September 19, 2006, the army did a coup d'état and took control from Thaksin Shinawatra's government.
In May 2014, a new military coup d'état removed another government.
In October 2016, Rama X became the new king.
Between 1932 and 2014, Thailand had 12 coup d'etats.
The 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis started in May 2025; One Cambodian soldier was killed. The conflict had not ended by the first week of July.
== Provinces ==
Thailand is made up of 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), put into 5 groups. There are 2 specially governed districts: the capital Bangkok and Pattaya. The 76 provinces including Bangkok are as follows:
=== Central ===
Ang Thong
Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon), Special Governed District of
Chai Nat
Kanchanaburi
Lopburi
Nakhon Nayok
Nakhon Pathom
Nonthaburi
Pathum Thani
Phetchaburi
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Prachuap Khiri Khan
Ratchaburi
Samut Prakan
Samut Sakhon
Samut Songkhram
Saraburi
Sing Buri
Suphan Buri
=== East ===
Chachoengsao
Chanthaburi
Chonburi
Prachinburi
Rayong
Sa Kaeo
Trat
=== North ===
Chiang Mai
Chiang Rai
Kamphaeng Phet
Lampang
Lamphun
Mae Hong Son
Nakhon Sawan
Nan
Phayao
Phetchabun
Phichit
Phitsanulok
Phrae
Sukhothai
Tak
Uthai Thani
Uttaradit
=== Northeast (Isan) ===
Amnat Charoen
Bueng Kan
Buri Ram
Chaiyaphum
Kalasin
Khon Kaen
Loei
Maha Sarakham
Mukdahan
Nakhon Phanom
Nakhon Ratchasima
Nong Bua Lamphu
Nong Khai
Roi Et
Sakon Nakhon
Si Sa Ket
Surin
Ubon Ratchathani
Udon Thani
Yasothon
=== South ===
Chumphon
Krabi
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Narathiwat
Pattani
Phang Nga
Phatthalung
Phuket
Ranong
Satun
Songkhla
Surat Thani
Trang
Yala
== Economy ==
The economy of Thailand "is based on trade and investment in the agricultural and tourism sectors, according to media. In 2022, the country with investors that invested the most in Thailand, was Japan; Chinese investors had the second place.
Industry had a contribution to the GDP, of 43.9 percent (in 2007), and 14 percent of the workforce are in that sector (of the economy). Within that sector, manufacturing was the biggest part, and it had a contribution (to the GDP), with 34.5 (in 2004). As of 2025's first quarter, media said that there is "weakness [...] in the manufacturing sector, especially automotive, petrochemicals and construction materials".
Agriculture in Thailand: Rice is the country's most important crop; Some 60 percent of Thailand's 13 million farmers grow that, according to media (2017). Amount of crops produced: sugarcane; [c. 104 million tons] or 104.3 million tons was harvested in 2018 (4th largest producer in the world); Rice, [c. 32 million tons or] 32.1 million tons (6th largest producer in the world); Cassava, 31.6 million tons (2nd largest producer in the world).
"The Thai-US trade volume has been roughly 6.0% of GDP", but on top of that significant amounts of Chinese goods are getting labels Made in Thailand, while in many cases the goods were actually Made in China, according to media. "The US was Thailand's largest export market" in 2024; The U.S. imported things for $55 billion.
Trade tariffs between the U.S. and Thailand, have changed several times (during 2025).
About becoming a partner country in BRICS: Thailand became a partner in 2025.
The GDP growth (year 2024), was 2.5%.
In regard to the number of cars made: On average, [c. 118,000] cars were made per month during the first five months of 2025 (out of a total of 594,492 automobiles).. [C. 21% or] 21.9% of the cars made, were Toyota cars, year 2022. Other cars being made, includeBMW, BYD, Deepal, Ford, GAC Aion, GWM, Haval, Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, MG, Nissan, Ora, and Neta. Neta had been building c. one car in Thailand, for every car that they import from their factories in China.
In 2014, Credit Suisse reported that Thailand was the world's third most unequal country, behind Russia and India. The top 10% richest held 79% of the country's assets. The top 1% held 58% of the assets.
== Government ==
There is an acting prime minister (as of July 2025); Paetongtarn Shinawatra is suspended.
Cabinet (jobs or) positions (as of 2025's third quarter), include
[Farming minister or] Agriculture and Cooperatives Minister.
Earlier (September 2024), new members of the Cabinet of Thailand got approval from the king; Furthermore, "The new cabinet [... is supposed to] be sworn in" on July 3.
The Cabinet members include
foreign minister or minister of foreign affairs
minister of natural resources and environment.
Agriculture and Cooperatives Minister
== Armed conflict in the provinces Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala ==
The South Thailand armed rebellion has its origins from 1948; It started as an ethnic and religious separatist armed rebellion in Patani (historical region); Many Malay people live there; That region is made up of the three southernmost provinces of Thailand and parts of a fourth province (Songkhla); The conflict has become more complex and more violent since the early 2000s; Drug cartels, oil smuggling networks, and some pirate raids have much to do with the violence.
57 people died (year 2023), in the conflict.
== Other information ==
Since 2025, using cannabis for fun, is (again) against the law. Physicians and "Thai traditional doctors, Chinese medicine practitioners and pharmacists [are some of those that] can authorise cannabis use", according to media.
Environmental issues: Industrial growth has created (much or) high levels of air pollution in Thailand. Vehicles and factories (give or) contribute to air pollution.
Measurement of PM 2.5 pollution is one of the ways of measuring air pollution; In that way, the particulates (in the atmosphere), that are smaller than 2.5 microns, get measured.
== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
=== Further reading ===
The United States CIA website Archived 2005-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
== Other websites ==
Thaigov.go.th Royal Government of Thailand
Tourism Authority of Thailand Official tourism website
Thai National Assembly Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine Official Thai Parliament website
Mfa.go.th Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Birdwatching in Thailand
Learn Thai Culture.com
CIA - The World Factbook - Thailand Archived 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
Longdo Map Thailand On-line Thailand map
Holidays Thailand Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine Holidays In Thailand
TITLE People's Republic of China
China (simplified Chinese: 中国; traditional Chinese: 中國 Pinyin: Zhōngguó) is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and a nation in East Asia. The official name is People's Republic of China or PRC.
The latest Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) resulted from two different political powers today:
The Republic of China (ROC) (since 1911), commonly known as China since 1 January, 1911 to 25 October, 1971. Now commonly known as Taiwan, Taiwan has control over the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu.
The People's Republic of China (PRC) (since 1949), commonly known as China, has control over mainland China and the largely self-governing territories of Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999).
China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, having the oldest continuous civilization near the Yellow River region. There is archaeological evidence found that is over 5,000 years old. China also has one of the world's oldest writing systems (and the oldest in use today). China has been the source of making many major inventions. Geographically, China’s longest river is the Yangtze River, which runs through mega cities and is home to many species. It is the world’s third longest river.
== Origins ==
The first recorded use of the word "China" is dated to be 190. It is derived from chīnī, a Persian adjective meaning 'Chinese' which was popularized in Europe by Marco Polo.
== History ==
=== Ancient (2100 B.C. – 1500 A.D.) ===
Ancient China was one of the first civilizations, and was active since the 2nd millennium BC as a feudal society. Chinese civilization was also one of the few to invent writing, with the others being Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley civilization, the Maya civilization, the Minoan civilization of ancient Greece, and Ancient Egypt. Ancient China reached its golden age during the Tang Dynasty (c. A.D. 10th century). Home of Confucianism and Daoism.
Before the Qin Dynasty united China, there were many small feudal states, nominally loyal to the Zhou King, which typically fought each other for hundreds of years in battles for control of China. The majority of these states were ruled by relatives and clansmen of the Zhou royal house and carried the surname Ji (姬), and were tied by family bonds to the Zhou king, to whom they were ritually subordinate, as members of collateral or lesser lineages. A minority of these states, such as the Qin and Chu, were ruled by non-Zhou clansmen, and were awarded their fiefs on account of some merit. Over time, these feudal states attained to power and wealth, that exceeded that of their Zhou nominal overlord, whose direct authority became confined to a very small territory near present-day Zhengzhou. These states also began to acquire some distinctive characteristics and identities of their own during the long centuries of loose control by the Zhou. Eventually, the Zhou kings were eclipsed in power by two especially problematic vassals - the Qin and Chu, and the functional independence of the Qin later led to its gradual conquest of all other vassal states and the formal supplantation of the Zhou to form a heavily centralised Empire.
The long decline of the Zhou, incidentally the longest ruling dynastic house of China, is known as the Warring States Period. Despite the bloodiness and strife of the period, this was the time when many great philosophies emerged - including Confucianism and Daoism as a response to disintegrating central authority of the Zhou kings and fluctuating power of the vassal states, and the general uncertainty of that era. Confucianism and Daoism have been the foundation of many social values seen in modern east Asian cultures today.
Other notable dynasties include the Han (from which is derived the ethnonym the Han Chinese, which is synonymous with the older self-referential term - the Huaxia) as well as dynasties such as the Tang, Song, and Ming, which were characterised by periods of affluence, wealth, population growth, and the proliferation of literature.
During the later years, China was often raided or invaded by northern nomadic people such as the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Jurchens and the Mongols (the latter led by Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan). One effect of regular nomadic invasion and the collapse of native dynasties was the massive migration of Han Chinese - especially the aristocratic elite and the literati, to sparsely populated frontier regions south of the Yangzi river such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian. Several notable waves of Han Chinese immigration to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian took place during the collapse of the Jin, the Tang, and the Song.
Some nomadic groups succeeded in conquering the whole territory of China, establishing dynasties such as the Yuan (Mongol) and Qing (Manchu). Each time, they also brought new elements into Chinese culture - for instance, military uniform, the qipao and the pigtail, the latter of which was deeply resented by the Han Chinese.
=== A new age (1500 A.D. - Present) ===
While China achieved many things in the First millennium and early 2nd millennium, it became an isolationist country in the 15th century C.E. This was because Spain found enormous silver in the new continent, which was the main currency (money) in China and Europe at the time, and China did not want to be bought by the foreigners.
By the time of the Renaissance, European powers started to take over other countries in Asia. While China was never actually taken over, many European countries, such as Britain and France built spheres of influence in China. Since China had cut itself off from the world over the previous few centuries, by the Qing Dynasty, it had fallen behind other countries in technology, and was helpless to stop this from happening. This had become clear when it lost the Opium Wars to Britain in the 19th century.
Still influenced by Western sources, China faced internal strife. The Taiping Rebellion or Taiping War occurred in China from 1851 through 1864. The Taiping Rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan from Guangdong. Hong Xiuquan was influenced by Christian missionaries and declared himself the brother of Jesus. Hong made his mission to bring down the Qing Dynasty. Gaining influence on the southern Chinese population, the Taiping Rebellion attracted tens of thousands of supporters. The Taiping regime successfully created a state within the Qing Empire with the capital at Nanjing. Hong called his new state the Taiping Tianguo or "The Heavenly State of Great Peace". Local armies eventually suppressed the rebellion at the final battle of Nanjing.
In 1911, the Republic of China was founded after the Xinhai revolution led by Sun Yat-sen, but its government was very weak. Warlords controlled many areas. Chiang Kai-shek led wars against them, and he became president and dictator.
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a place in the northeastern part of China. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese attacked the rest of the country, starting what was called the Second Sino-Japanese War.
On December 13 of that same year, The Japanese Army killed an estimated (guessed) 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians (people) which is called Nanjing Massacre. The war later became part of World War II. The war was fought for eight years and millions of Chinese people were killed.
However, the Chinese Civil War later started between the Kuomintang (Nationalists) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Communists of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Communists wanted to make China like the Soviet Union, whereas the other side wanted to keep China in its current state at the time. The Communists were led by Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and others. The Communists eventually won the war by uniting all the people from different positions. The Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to the island of Taiwan and set up their new capital city in Taipei. After the Chinese Civil War, the Communist leader Mao Zedong declared a new country, the People's Republic of China (PRC), in Beijing on October 1, 1949.
Under Mao the country stayed poor while Taiwan became richer. His attempt at industrialization and collectivization with the Great Leap Forward led to the deaths of many people from famine. The Cultural Revolution caused great social upheaval. After 1976, China underwent market economy reforms under Deng Xiaoping, and experienced rapid economic growth, which made the former progress made by Taiwan became overshadowed. China is now one of the largest economies in the world, relying mainly on exports and manufacturing. China incorporates English, and (since the 2000s) the percentage of people who can speak English fluently is slowly increasing.
== Geography ==
China's landscape is vast and diverse. It ranges from the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in the north to subtropical forests in the south. The Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern coast. The Yangtze River is the third-longest river in the world while the Yellow River is the sixth-longest. China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers (9,000 mi) long. It is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China connects through the Kazakh border to the Eurasian Steppe. The Eurasian Steppe has been an artery of communication between East and West since the Neolithic through the Steppe route. The Steppe Route is the ancestor of the terrestrial Silk Road(s).
== Science and technology ==
China was once a world leader in science and technology up until the Ming dynasty. There are many Ancient Chinese discoveries and inventions. For example, papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are known as the Four Great Inventions. They became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later to Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers. By the 17th century, Europe and the Western world became better than China in science and technology.
== Demographics ==
The national census of 2010 recorded the population of the People's Republic of China to be about 1,370,536,875. About 16.60% of the population were 14 years old or younger, 70.14% were between 15 and 59 years old, and 13.26% were over 60 years old. The population growth rate for 2013 is estimated to be 0.46%.
=== language ===
Before 1911, the language was written in "classical Chinese" (different grammar, et cetera). After the Qing dynasty, the revolutionists and scholars didn't like it, so written Chinese was changed quickly. By 1921, the language had been largely written in "modern Chinese" (based on the spoken language of north-eastern China). As for the romanization of Chinese, nowadays, mainland Chinese use pinyin. Taiwanese use the zhuyin (not in roman letters) and traditional Chinese characters instead. The common language is called Mandarin. The Min Nan mainland Chinese and the Taiwanese understand each other. Generally, the degree of mutual intelligibility between speakers of different dialects is low (only understand the other speaker a little bit). A dialect may or may not have a standard writing system.
=== Chinese dialects ===
This page only states the six most popular dialects. 5. Xiang (湘语) (36,000,000 speakers in 1990s); 6. Gan language; For example, Mao Zedong spoke the Xiang dialect as his mother tongue, whereas Chiang Kai-shek spoke Chinese with a strong Wu accent.
==== from north to south (coastal China) ====
Wu Chinese
Hokkien
Hakka language
Cantonese language
== Culture ==
China is the origin of Eastern martial arts, called Kung Fu or its first name Wushu. China is also the home of the well-respected Spa Monastery and Wudang Mountains. Martial art started more for the purpose of survival, defense, and warfare than art. Over time some art forms have branched off, while others have retained their distinct Chinese flavor.
China has had renowned artists including Wong Fei Hung (Huang Fei Hung or Hwang Fei Hung) and many others. Art has also co-existed with a variety of paints including the more standard 18 colors. Legendary and controversial moves like Big Mak are also praised and talked about within the culture.
China has many traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-autumn Festival and so on. The most important is Chinese New Year. People in China will have holidays to celebrate these festivals.
=== Festivals ===
Spring Festival is the Chinese New Year.
Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet of the State of Chu during the Warring States period. He persuaded his emperor not to accept Qin's diplomats' offers several times but his emperor did not listen to him. He was very sad and ended up jumping into the river to end his life. The people loved him so much that they did not want the fish to eat his corpse. They made and threw rice dumplings into the river. They hope the fish eat these dumplings instead of the poet's corpse. They also rowed dragon boats in the river to get rid of the fish. Such practices, eating rice dumplings and holding dragon boat races, become what Chinese do in this festival nowadays.
Held on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, Mid-Autumn Festival is a festival for families. Now when the festival sets in, people would sit together to eat moon cakes, appreciate the bright full moon cakes, appreciate the bright full moon, celebrate the bumper harvest and enjoy the family love and happiness. To the Chinese people, the full moon symbolizes family reunion, as does the "moon cakes." Hence the Mid-Autumn Festival is also called the Family Reunion Festival.
== Politics ==
China's constitution states that The People's Republic of China "is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants". It also states the state organs "apply the principle of democratic centralism." The PRC is one of the world's only socialist states openly being communist.
=== Chinese Communist Party ===
The CCP is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Established in 1921, it rose to power in 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong after defeating the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) in the Chinese Civil War. The CCP operates under a one-party system, maintaining strict control over the government, military, economy, and media. It follows a socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics, blending Marxist-Leninist principles with economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 20th century. Under its leadership, China has grown into the world's second-largest economy while maintaining tight political control through censorship, surveillance, and a strong security apparatus. Today, the CCP continues to shape China's domestic and foreign policies, emphasizing national unity, economic development, and global influence
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Other websites ==
Map of China Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
City Photo Gallery of China
China | Geography | People | Economy
China -Citizendium
TITLE Nvidia
Nvidia Corporation (, en-VID-ee-ə) is an American multinational corporation. It is based in Santa Clara, California. They make graphical processing technologies for computers and mobile devices like smartphones. The company supplies electronic chips for motherboard chipsets, smartphone graphic controllers, graphics processing units, and game consoles. Nvidia product lines include: GeForce, Quadro, and nForce (chipsets).
In 2023 it was said to be the world’s most valuable chipmaker. Demand for its artificial intelligence (AI) chips more than doubled its income in 2023. Its stock market value jumped to more than $1 trillion. In June 2024, Nvidia became the world's largest public company.
== Name ==
"Nvidia" is a combination of two parts: n (usually used as a mathematical variable) and video (Latin: to "see").
== History ==
Nvidia was started in 1993 by Jen-Hsun Huang, Curtis Priem, and Chris Malachowsky. In 2000 Nvidia took intellectual possession of 3dfx, one of the biggest GPU producers in the 1990s.
On December 14, 2005, Nvidia bought ULI. At that time ULI supplied 30% Southbridge parts for chipsets to ATI), Nvidia's competitor. In March 2006, Nvidia bought the company Hybrid Graphics. On January 5, 2007, the company announced their acquisition of PortalPlayer, Inc.
In December 2006, Nvidia, along with its main rival in the graphics industry Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), received subpoenas from the Justice Department. This was regarding possible antitrust violations in the graphics card industry.
Forbes magazine called Nvidia "Company of the Year for 2007" for accomplishing its company goals in the last 5 years.
== Products ==
NV1 – Nvidia's first product; based on quadratic surfaces
RIVA 128 and RIVA 128ZX – DirectX 5 support, OpenGL 1 support; Nvidia's first DirectX-compliant hardware
RIVA TNT, RIVA TNT2 – DirectX 6 support, OpenGL 1 support; the series that made Nvidia a market-leader
Nvidia GeForce – desktop graphics acceleration solutions
Nvidia Quadro – high-quality workstation solutions
Nvidia Tesla – dedicated GPGPU processing for High Performance Computing systems
Nvidia GoForce – media processors for PDAs, smartphones, and mobile phones featuring nPower technology
H100 AI processor
GPUs for game consoles:
Xbox – GeForce 3-class GPU (on an Intel Pentium III/Celeron platform)
PlayStation 3 – RSX 'Reality Synthesizer'
== Footnotes ==
=== References ===
=== Notes ===
== Other websites ==
Official website
Nvidia Developer website
</wikipedia_requested_titles>
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SummaryPause on Trump's April 2 tariffs expires on WednesdayStocks have risen despite tariff volatility, dollar hurtInvestors say benign outcomes priced inSINGAPORE/NEW YORK, July 6 (Reuters) - Global investors are heading into U.S. President Donald Trump's Wednesday deadline for trade tariffs palpably unexcited and prepared for a range of benign scenarios that they believe are already priced in.Just days before the end of a 90-day pause he announced on his April 2 "Liberation Day" tariffs, Trump said the first batch of letters outlining the tariff levels they would face on exports to the United States would be sent to 12 countries on Monday.The Reuters Daily Briefing newsletter provides all the news you need to start your day. Sign up here.Advertisement · Scroll to continueInvestors who have been tracking this date for months expect more details to emerge in the coming days and protracted uncertainty too, anticipating Trump will not be able to complete deals with all of America's trading partners in the coming week.And they are not overly concerned.“The market has gotten much more comfortable, more sanguine, when it comes to tariff news,” said Jeff Blazek, co-chief investment officer of multi-asset at Neuberger Berman in New York.“The markets think that there is enough ‘squishiness’ in the deadlines – absent any major surprise – to not be too unsettled by more tariff news and believe that the worst-case scenarios are off the table now.”Advertisement · Scroll to continueBoth the tariff levels and effective dates have become moving targets. Trump said on Friday that tariffs ranging up to 70% could go into effect on August 1, levels far higher than the 10%-50% range he announced in April.So far, the U.S. administration has a limited deal with Britain and an in-principle agreement with Vietnam.Deals that had been anticipated with India and Japan have failed to materialize, and there have been setbacks in talks with the European Union.World stocks (.MIWD00000PUS), opens new tab are meanwhile at record highs, up 11% since April 2. They fell 14% in three trading sessions after that announcement but have since rallied 24%."If Liberation Day was the earthquake, the tariff letters will be the aftershocks. They won’t quite have the same impact on markets even if they are higher than the earlier 10%," said Rong Ren Goh, a portfolio manager in the fixed income team at Eastspring Investments in Singapore.Ad Break Coming Up
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Continue watchingafter the adVisit Advertiser websiteGO TO PAGE.cnx-non-linear-ad-container .cnx-ad-bid-slot{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;grid-area:adslot;opacity:0;background:none;width:100%;height:100%}.cnx-non-linear-ad-container .cnx-ad-bid-slot.cnx-ad-bid-slot-selected{opacity:1;z-index:10}.cnx-non-linear-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot{display:flex;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:hidden}.cnx-non-linear-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot video,.cnx-non-linear-ad-container video.cnx-ad-slot{background-color:unset}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-bid-slot{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;grid-area:adslot;opacity:0;background:#f4f4f4;width:100%;height:100%}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-bid-slot.cnx-ad-bid-slot-selected{opacity:1;z-index:10}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot{display:flex;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:hidden}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot div{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot iframe{box-sizing:border-box;border:3px solid #fff !important;color-scheme:none}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot iframe:not([id]){border:none !important}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot-video-type iframe{border:none !important}.cnx-ad-container .cnx-ad-slot video,.cnx-ad-container video.cnx-ad-slot{background-color:#f4f4f4}"This financial system is so inundated with liquidity that it is hard to cash up or delever at the risk of lagging the markets, with April serving as a painful reminder for many who derisked and were then forced to chase the relentless recovery in the subsequent weeks."<img src="https://www.reuters.com/graphics/GLOBAL-MARKETS/xmpjeoynyvr/chart.png" alt="World stocks have roared back to record high" />World stocks have roared back to record highTAXES AND THE FEDInvestors have also been distracted by weeks of wrangling in Congress over Trump's massive tax and spending package, which he signed into law on Friday.Stock markets have celebrated the passage of the bill, which makes Trump's 2017 tax cuts permanent, while bond investors are wary the measures could add more than $3 trillion to the nation's $36.2 trillion debt.The S&P 500 (.SPX), opens new tab and Nasdaq (.IXIC), opens new tab indexes closed at record highs on Friday, notching a third week of gains. Europe's STOXX 600 benchmark (.STOXX), opens new tab is up 9% in three months.But the risks of tariff-related inflation have weighed on U.S. Treasuries and the dollar, and jostled expectations for Federal Reserve policy. Rate futures show traders no longer expect a Fed rate cut this month and are pricing in a total of just two quarter-point reductions by year-end.The dollar has suffered a knock to its haven reputation from the dithering on tariffs. The dollar index , which reflects the U.S. currency's performance against a basket of six others, has had its worst first half of the year since 1973, declining some 11%. It has fallen by 6.6% since April 2 alone."The markets are discounting a return to tariff levels of 35%, 40% or higher, and anticipating an across-the-board level of 10% or so,” said John Pantekidis, chief investment officer at TwinFocus in Boston.Pantekidis is cautiously optimistic about the outlook for U.S. stocks this year, but the one variable he is watching closely is interest rate levels.For now he expects to see interest rates dip in the second half, “but if the bond market worries about the impact of the bill and rates go up, that’s a different scenario.”<img src="https://www.reuters.com/graphics/GLOBAL-MARKETS/THEMES/byvreljmepe/chart.png" alt="This heatmap shows the value of the Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) across economies." />This heatmap shows the value of the Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) across economies.Reporting by Suzanne McGee, Libby George and Vidya Ranganathan; Editing by William MallardOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles., opens new tabSuggested Topics:Emerging MarketsShareXFacebookLinkedinEmailLinkPurchase Licensing Rights<img src="https://www.reuters.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Farc-authors%2Freuters%2F7688139a-ccbe-4653-9f0b-4b5c34b1a513.png?auth=e4fa6b2d17f5047db707b95adb4f2cf1cda7990630689a895920a02c98d1eef0&width=120&quality=80" />Vidya RanganathanThomson ReutersVidya heads global finance & markets breaking news, overseeing dozens of reporters across the world who cover spot currency, bond, stock & crypto market developments and other fund flows, investor activity, govt policies and corporate actions that impact markets. She also writes and edits markets insights on emerging Asia, with a keen interest in China, and anchors the Cryptoverse column. Vidya has spent 3 decades covering markets, and was previously a trader at Societe Generale. She believes in life-long learning and training, and is now adding Gen AI courses to her masters degree in Physics, MBA and post-grad diploma in applied finance & securities markets.EmailXInstagramLinkedin
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